﻿198 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ARCHEOLOGY 
  

  

  Cuzco 
  archeology 
  is 
  at 
  present 
  in 
  that 
  tantalizing 
  state 
  where 
  its 
  

   chronology 
  has 
  been 
  pretty 
  satisfactorily 
  determined 
  in 
  outline, 
  but 
  

   we 
  know 
  very 
  little 
  about 
  the 
  material 
  culture 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  periods. 
  

   Enough 
  has 
  been 
  done, 
  however, 
  to 
  show 
  that 
  Inca 
  civilization 
  was 
  

   the 
  product 
  of 
  a 
  long 
  development 
  in 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  itself, 
  and 
  

   that 
  consequently 
  it 
  is 
  unnecessary 
  to 
  look 
  farther 
  afield 
  for 
  that 
  

   civilization's 
  cultural 
  origins. 
  

  

  The 
  last 
  two 
  periods 
  now 
  distinguishable 
  at 
  Cuzco 
  cover 
  the 
  more 
  

   or 
  less 
  historic 
  time 
  when 
  Cuzco 
  was 
  under 
  the 
  Inca 
  dynasty, 
  from 
  

   about 
  A. 
  D. 
  1200 
  to 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  about 
  1532. 
  Be- 
  

   tween 
  the 
  earlier 
  of 
  these 
  Inca 
  Periods 
  and 
  the 
  pre-Inca 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  

   area 
  is 
  a 
  gap 
  in 
  our 
  chronology 
  of 
  unknown 
  length, 
  during 
  which 
  

   important 
  changes 
  in 
  art 
  and 
  technology 
  must 
  have 
  taken 
  place. 
  

   The 
  pre-Jnca 
  culture 
  is 
  also 
  isolated 
  at 
  the 
  other 
  end, 
  as 
  we 
  know 
  

   nothing 
  of 
  its 
  cultural 
  antecedents. 
  No 
  reliable 
  evidence 
  bearing 
  on 
  

   the 
  question 
  of 
  the 
  antiquity 
  of 
  man 
  or 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  agriculture 
  has 
  

   yet 
  been 
  reported 
  from 
  any 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  dealt 
  with 
  in 
  this 
  section. 
  

  

  Chanapata 
  Period. 
  — 
  The 
  pre-Inca 
  culture 
  known 
  from 
  the 
  valley 
  

   of 
  Cuzco 
  is 
  called 
  Chanapata 
  (see 
  Bennett, 
  this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  143), 
  

   after 
  the 
  site 
  on 
  the 
  northwestern 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  city 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  where 
  it 
  

   was 
  first 
  identified. 
  It 
  is 
  a 
  habitation 
  site 
  covered 
  with 
  3 
  to 
  6 
  feet 
  

   (1 
  to 
  2 
  m.) 
  of 
  stratified 
  rubbish 
  and 
  unaccompanied 
  seated 
  flexed 
  

   burials. 
  Although 
  four 
  other 
  sites 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  culture 
  are 
  known, 
  

   extending 
  its 
  area 
  to 
  Maras, 
  some 
  20 
  miles 
  (30 
  km.) 
  north 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  

   and 
  Ayavire, 
  perhaps 
  200 
  miles 
  (300 
  km.) 
  south, 
  the 
  only 
  excavations 
  

   made 
  to 
  date 
  consist 
  of 
  a 
  single 
  test-trench 
  in 
  the 
  type-site 
  of 
  Chana- 
  

   pata, 
  so 
  that 
  no 
  really 
  adequate 
  description 
  is 
  possible. 
  

  

  The 
  locations 
  of 
  the 
  known 
  sites 
  near 
  good 
  agricultural 
  land 
  where 
  

   game 
  is 
  not 
  particularly 
  plentiful 
  suggest 
  that 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  Chanapata 
  

   practiced 
  agriculture, 
  and 
  great 
  quantities 
  of 
  llama 
  bones 
  show 
  that 
  

   they 
  kept 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  domestic 
  animals. 
  Pottery 
  is 
  well 
  made 
  

   and 
  abundant, 
  and 
  a 
  high 
  percentage 
  of 
  decorated 
  ware 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  

   the 
  refuse, 
  but 
  so 
  far 
  no 
  metal. 
  It 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  the 
  Chanapata 
  

   people 
  were 
  ignorant 
  of 
  metal; 
  at 
  most, 
  it 
  had 
  little 
  importance 
  for 
  

   anything 
  but 
  ornament, 
  for 
  a 
  large 
  quantity 
  of 
  bone 
  tools, 
  chipped 
  ob- 
  

   sidian 
  points, 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  ground-stone 
  objects 
  pretty 
  well 
  cover 
  the 
  

   cutting 
  needs 
  for 
  which 
  metal 
  tools 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  later 
  times. 
  The 
  

   bonework 
  includes 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  spear-thrower 
  hooks. 
  

  

  Very 
  few 
  remains 
  of 
  buildings 
  have 
  been 
  identified 
  as 
  belonging 
  to 
  

   the 
  Chanapata 
  culture, 
  and 
  they 
  are 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  retaining 
  walls 
  of 
  

   small 
  field 
  stones 
  laid 
  in 
  mud. 
  The 
  retaining 
  walls 
  seem 
  not 
  to 
  have 
  

   held 
  up 
  simple 
  agricultural 
  terraces, 
  but 
  rather 
  raised 
  substructures 
  

   and 
  the 
  sides 
  of 
  sunken 
  courts. 
  No 
  worked 
  building 
  stones 
  have 
  been 
  

  

  