﻿204 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  so 
  settled 
  the 
  affairs 
  of 
  the 
  district 
  before 
  the 
  Inca 
  could 
  interfere 
  (Cie- 
  

   za, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  41-43). 
  

  

  To 
  the 
  northwest, 
  the 
  Quechua 
  formed 
  a 
  powerful 
  state 
  on 
  friendly 
  

   terms 
  with 
  its 
  Inca 
  neighbors. 
  Quechua 
  power 
  was 
  a 
  convenient 
  pro- 
  

   tection 
  against 
  attack 
  from 
  that 
  side, 
  and 
  Quechua 
  territory 
  then 
  ex- 
  

   tended 
  from 
  Cotapampas 
  to 
  the 
  border 
  of 
  Vilcas. 
  Beyond 
  the 
  Que- 
  

   chua 
  were 
  the 
  Chanca, 
  who, 
  about 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  Viracocha's 
  

   reign, 
  broke 
  the 
  Quechua 
  power 
  in 
  a 
  great 
  battle 
  near 
  the 
  border 
  of 
  

   the 
  Province 
  of 
  Aymaraes 
  and 
  settled 
  in 
  the 
  former 
  Quechua 
  Province 
  

   of 
  Andahuaylas 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  27). 
  The 
  buffer 
  was 
  gone, 
  

   and 
  Viracocha 
  immediately 
  took 
  steps 
  to 
  strengthen 
  that 
  side 
  of 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  territory 
  by 
  marrying 
  the 
  daughter 
  of 
  the 
  chief 
  of 
  Anta, 
  

   most 
  important 
  town 
  on 
  the 
  Plain 
  of 
  Anta, 
  and 
  renewing 
  his 
  friend- 
  

   ship 
  with 
  the 
  Quechua 
  (Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  ch. 
  24). 
  

  

  The 
  Chanca 
  attack 
  was 
  delayed 
  until 
  Viracocha 
  was 
  an 
  old 
  man, 
  

   perhaps 
  with 
  the 
  deliberate 
  intention 
  of 
  striking 
  the 
  Inca 
  when 
  their 
  

   leadership 
  was 
  weak. 
  When 
  it 
  came, 
  the 
  threat 
  was 
  so 
  serious 
  that 
  

   many 
  Inca, 
  including 
  Inca 
  Urcon, 
  the 
  announced 
  heir 
  to 
  the 
  crown, 
  

   believed 
  resistance 
  was 
  impossible. 
  Viracocha 
  was 
  persuaded 
  that 
  

   the 
  cause 
  was 
  hopeless 
  and 
  took 
  refuge 
  with 
  Inca 
  Urcon 
  in 
  Caquia- 
  

   Xaquixahuana, 
  a 
  fort 
  above 
  Calca, 
  which 
  they 
  felt 
  was 
  more 
  defen- 
  

   sible 
  than 
  the 
  open 
  valley 
  site 
  of 
  Cuzco. 
  The 
  old 
  generals 
  Apo 
  Mayta 
  

   and 
  Vicaquirao 
  and 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  important 
  nobles 
  including 
  two 
  of 
  

   Viracocha's 
  sons, 
  Roca 
  and 
  Yupanqui, 
  refused 
  to 
  leave 
  Cuzco, 
  how- 
  

   ever, 
  and 
  organized 
  a 
  desperate 
  defense. 
  Yupanqui 
  assumed 
  com- 
  

   mand 
  and 
  used 
  every 
  inducement 
  to 
  secure 
  allies, 
  even 
  to 
  bribing 
  

   the 
  Cana 
  and 
  Canchi 
  to 
  send 
  contingents 
  (Polo, 
  1917 
  a, 
  p. 
  46). 
  The 
  

   Chanca 
  invested 
  the 
  city 
  and 
  tried 
  to 
  take 
  it 
  by 
  storm, 
  but 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   resisted 
  heroically, 
  and, 
  at 
  the 
  critical 
  moment, 
  Yupanqui 
  cried 
  out 
  

   that 
  the 
  very 
  stones 
  were 
  turning 
  to 
  men 
  to 
  help 
  them. 
  The 
  attack 
  

   was 
  repulsed, 
  and 
  Inca 
  Yupanqui 
  had 
  the 
  stones 
  from 
  the 
  battle- 
  

   field 
  collected 
  and 
  placed 
  in 
  the 
  city's 
  shrines. 
  They 
  were 
  called 
  the 
  

   pororawqa 
  (Polo, 
  1917 
  a, 
  p. 
  46; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  10; 
  Pachac- 
  

   uti, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  271). 
  In 
  subsequent 
  battles, 
  the 
  Chanca 
  were 
  soundly 
  

   defeated, 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  suddenly 
  became 
  the 
  most 
  powerful 
  people 
  

   in 
  the 
  Andes. 
  Inca 
  Yupanqui 
  had 
  himself 
  crowned 
  in 
  place 
  of 
  his 
  

   brother, 
  Urcon, 
  and 
  assumed 
  the 
  title 
  of 
  Pachacuti 
  (pacakoti, 
  liter- 
  

   ally, 
  ' 
  ' 
  cataclysm") 
  , 
  by 
  which 
  he 
  is 
  generally 
  known 
  to 
  history. 
  (Cieza, 
  

   1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  44-47; 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  26-29; 
  Cabello, 
  ms., 
  

   bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  14; 
  Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  269-72; 
  Betanzos, 
  1880, 
  chs. 
  6-10; 
  

   Las 
  Casas, 
  1892, 
  ch. 
  16.) 
  

  

  Pachacuti, 
  a 
  great 
  conqueror 
  and 
  a 
  great 
  organizer, 
  had 
  a 
  son, 
  

   Topa 
  Inca, 
  as 
  able 
  as 
  himself 
  (map 
  4). 
  In 
  sweeping 
  campaigns, 
  

   the 
  father 
  and 
  son 
  extended 
  the 
  Inca 
  domain 
  to 
  Quito 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  

   and 
  Chile 
  on 
  the 
  south, 
  improvising 
  and 
  introducing 
  the 
  elaborate 
  

  

  