﻿206 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  conquests 
  were 
  not 
  easy, 
  however, 
  and 
  many 
  tribes 
  put 
  up 
  a 
  stubborn 
  

   and 
  effective 
  resistance. 
  Huarco, 
  Chimu, 
  Angaraes, 
  Chinchaycocha, 
  

   and 
  Chachapoyas 
  were 
  provinces 
  where 
  the 
  resistance 
  was 
  particularly 
  

   stiff. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  conquests 
  started 
  with 
  a 
  campaign 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  Urubamba 
  

   Valley 
  and 
  in 
  Vilcapampa 
  which 
  Pachacuti 
  undertook 
  immediately 
  

   after 
  his 
  victory 
  over 
  the 
  Chanca 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  12; 
  

   Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  33-35). 
  Having 
  consolidated 
  his 
  power 
  at 
  

   home, 
  he 
  turned 
  west 
  through 
  the 
  Quechua 
  and 
  Chanca 
  country, 
  and 
  

   conquered 
  Soras 
  and 
  Vilcas. 
  From 
  Soras 
  he 
  sent 
  General 
  Capac 
  

   Yupanqui 
  to 
  reconnoiter 
  the 
  south 
  coast, 
  and 
  then 
  occupied 
  Aymaraes, 
  

   Omasayos, 
  Cotapampas, 
  and 
  Chilques. 
  The 
  exact 
  order 
  of 
  the 
  con- 
  

   quest 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  mountain 
  provinces 
  in 
  this 
  vicinity 
  is 
  not 
  recorded, 
  

   as 
  some 
  submitted 
  without 
  resistance, 
  and 
  the 
  occupation 
  of 
  others 
  

   was 
  overshadowed 
  by 
  more 
  important 
  events. 
  To 
  avoid 
  difficulties 
  

   with 
  his 
  late 
  enemies, 
  the 
  Chanca, 
  Pachacuti 
  persuaded 
  them 
  to 
  

   undertake 
  the 
  subjugation 
  of 
  the 
  Colla. 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  

   47-48; 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  35, 
  37; 
  Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  273; 
  Cabello, 
  

   ms.) 
  

  

  General 
  Capac 
  Yupanqui 
  was 
  then 
  entrusted 
  with 
  a 
  large 
  expe- 
  

   dition 
  to 
  extend 
  the 
  Inca 
  dominions 
  on 
  the 
  north. 
  He 
  received 
  strict 
  

   orders 
  not 
  to 
  go 
  beyond 
  a 
  designated 
  point, 
  and 
  was 
  given 
  a 
  contingent 
  

   of 
  Chanca 
  under 
  a 
  Chanca 
  leader 
  named 
  Ancoallo 
  to 
  accompany 
  the 
  

   expedition. 
  They 
  conquered 
  Angara, 
  Huanca, 
  and 
  Tarma, 
  and 
  

   raided 
  even 
  farther 
  north, 
  well 
  beyond 
  the 
  limit 
  fixed 
  by 
  Pachacuti. 
  

   The 
  Chanca 
  contingent 
  got 
  along 
  very 
  badly 
  with 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  army, 
  

   and 
  deserted 
  during 
  the 
  campaign, 
  escaping 
  to 
  the 
  eastern 
  forests 
  

   below 
  Huanuco. 
  Capac 
  Yupanqui 
  was 
  executed 
  on 
  his 
  return 
  to 
  

   Cuzco 
  for 
  disobeying 
  orders 
  and 
  for 
  letting 
  the 
  Chanca 
  escape. 
  2 
  

  

  Unrest 
  in 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin 
  then 
  caused 
  Pachacuti 
  to 
  undertake 
  a 
  

   campaign 
  there 
  in 
  person. 
  The 
  reason 
  for 
  this 
  campaign 
  seems 
  to 
  

   have 
  been 
  a 
  revolt 
  of 
  Ayaviri 
  and 
  some 
  neighboring 
  towns 
  encouraged 
  

   by 
  the 
  Lupaca, 
  who 
  were 
  supposed 
  to 
  be 
  allies 
  of 
  the 
  Inca, 
  but 
  were 
  

   probably 
  worried 
  by 
  the 
  new 
  power 
  which 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  acquiring. 
  

   The 
  revolt 
  of 
  Ayaviri 
  was 
  bloodily 
  crushed, 
  and 
  Pachacuti 
  went 
  on 
  to 
  

   conquer 
  the 
  Lupaca 
  and 
  raid 
  around 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  east 
  shores 
  of 
  the 
  

   lake. 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  52; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  13; 
  

   Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  40, 
  41; 
  Cabello, 
  ms.) 
  

  

  Soon 
  Pachacuti 
  began 
  to 
  leave 
  military 
  affairs 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  to 
  

  

  a 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  ch. 
  38; 
  Cabello, 
  ms.; 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  49, 
  50, 
  56; 
  Polo, 
  1917 
  b, 
  p. 
  115; 
  Toledo, 
  1940, 
  

   pp. 
  19, 
  24, 
  32, 
  40, 
  44. 
  There 
  are 
  at 
  least 
  three 
  divergent 
  accounts 
  of 
  this 
  campaign 
  which 
  are 
  very 
  difficult 
  to 
  

   reconcile. 
  According 
  to 
  Sarmiento 
  and 
  Cabello, 
  Capac 
  Yupanqui 
  was 
  not 
  supposed 
  to 
  pass 
  a 
  river 
  near 
  

   Huaylas, 
  but 
  he 
  went 
  on 
  raiding 
  to 
  Cajamarca. 
  Cieza 
  says 
  that 
  he 
  was 
  supposed 
  to 
  stop 
  at 
  Huancas 
  but 
  

   went 
  on 
  to 
  Chinchaycocha. 
  Polo 
  and 
  Toledo's 
  witnesses 
  agree 
  that 
  he 
  was 
  not 
  supposed 
  to 
  go 
  beyond 
  

   Vilcas 
  but 
  went 
  to 
  Huancas. 
  The 
  Indians 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  interested 
  in 
  the 
  dramatic 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  

   story 
  than 
  in 
  geographical 
  precision. 
  For 
  the 
  chronology 
  of 
  Inca 
  conquests, 
  it 
  does 
  not 
  matter 
  which 
  account 
  

   is 
  correct, 
  as 
  another 
  expedition 
  soon 
  subjugated 
  the 
  whole 
  area. 
  

  

  