﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  INC 
  A 
  CULTURE 
  HOWE 
  211 
  

  

  groups, 
  but, 
  in 
  Late 
  Inca 
  times, 
  the 
  whole 
  resources 
  of 
  the 
  mit'a 
  labor 
  

   service 
  were 
  turned 
  to 
  the 
  problem, 
  and 
  the 
  terraces 
  were 
  large 
  and 
  

   elaborate. 
  Late 
  Inca 
  terraces 
  are 
  faced 
  with 
  dry-masonry 
  walls, 
  

   sometimes 
  of 
  cut 
  stone, 
  and 
  are 
  filled 
  in 
  behind 
  with 
  layers 
  of 
  stones, 
  

   gravel, 
  and 
  earth 
  to 
  provide 
  proper 
  drainage 
  (pL 
  83, 
  top, 
  right). 
  

   They 
  are 
  furnished 
  with 
  elaborate 
  stone 
  water 
  channels 
  to 
  distribute 
  

   irrigation 
  water, 
  and 
  with 
  jutting 
  stones 
  on 
  the 
  terrace 
  faces 
  which 
  

   serve 
  as 
  stairs. 
  (See 
  Cook, 
  1916.) 
  

  

  The 
  long 
  dry 
  season 
  and 
  the 
  rapidity 
  of 
  surface 
  rim-off 
  make 
  irri- 
  

   gation 
  necessary 
  nearly 
  everywhere 
  in 
  the 
  Andes, 
  although 
  some 
  

   quick-growing 
  crops 
  can 
  be 
  grown 
  on 
  the 
  unirrigable 
  slopes 
  during 
  

   the 
  rainy 
  season. 
  Irrigation 
  ditches 
  were 
  generally 
  mere 
  trenches 
  

   dug 
  into 
  the 
  hillsides 
  and 
  supported 
  when 
  necessary 
  by 
  a 
  dry 
  stone 
  

   wall 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  8), 
  but, 
  where 
  irrigation 
  was 
  combined 
  

   with 
  terracing, 
  carefully 
  cut 
  stone 
  channels 
  were 
  built. 
  The 
  Inca 
  

   Emperors 
  constructed 
  some 
  very 
  elaborate 
  irrigation 
  works, 
  and 
  

   brought 
  water 
  for 
  many 
  miles 
  in 
  nicely 
  graded 
  channels 
  to 
  some 
  of 
  

   their 
  projects. 
  The 
  Inca 
  government 
  marked 
  the 
  boundaries 
  of 
  all 
  

   fields 
  with 
  monuments, 
  called 
  saywa, 
  probably 
  piles 
  of 
  stones. 
  As 
  

   the 
  whole 
  system 
  of 
  taxation 
  depended 
  somewhat 
  on 
  the 
  stability 
  of 
  

   these 
  markers, 
  it 
  was 
  considered 
  a 
  serious 
  crime 
  to 
  move 
  them. 
  The 
  

   first 
  offense 
  was 
  punished 
  with 
  hiwaya 
  (p. 
  271), 
  the 
  second 
  with 
  death. 
  

   (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  26; 
  Gonzalez, 
  1608; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  353.) 
  

  

  Farming 
  implements 
  were 
  as 
  elaborate 
  as 
  is 
  desirable 
  for 
  a 
  people 
  

   who 
  lack 
  draft 
  animals. 
  The 
  two 
  most 
  important 
  ones 
  were 
  the 
  foot- 
  

   plow 
  (taklya) 
  and 
  the 
  hoe 
  (lampa 
  or 
  qorana). 
  The 
  foot-plow 
  con- 
  

   sisted 
  of 
  a 
  pole 
  about 
  6 
  feet 
  (1.8 
  m.) 
  long 
  with 
  a 
  point 
  of 
  hard 
  wood 
  

   or 
  bronze, 
  a 
  footrest 
  near 
  the 
  point, 
  and 
  a 
  handle 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  end, 
  

   but 
  it 
  probably 
  varied 
  locally 
  in 
  the 
  shape 
  and 
  dimensions. 
  (See 
  

   Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  1147, 
  1153, 
  and 
  Means, 
  1931, 
  figs. 
  222-23.) 
  It 
  was 
  

   used 
  with 
  both 
  hands 
  and 
  one 
  foot, 
  being 
  lifted 
  some 
  12 
  inches 
  (30 
  

   cm.) 
  above 
  the 
  ground 
  and 
  jabbed 
  into 
  the 
  earth 
  with 
  the 
  user's 
  

   full 
  force. 
  It 
  was 
  essentially 
  a 
  man's 
  tool, 
  used 
  for 
  breaking 
  up 
  the 
  

   ground, 
  digging 
  holes 
  for 
  planting, 
  and 
  harvesting 
  potatoes. 
  The 
  

   hoe 
  had 
  a 
  wide, 
  chisel-shaped, 
  bronze 
  blade 
  with 
  a 
  short 
  haft 
  usually 
  

   made 
  from 
  a 
  tree 
  crotch, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  resembled 
  an 
  old 
  fashioned 
  adze 
  

   more 
  than 
  a 
  modern 
  hoe 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  250, 
  1134, 
  1147). 
  It 
  was 
  

   used 
  by 
  both 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  for 
  breaking 
  up 
  clods, 
  weeding, 
  and 
  

   general 
  cultivation. 
  Of 
  more 
  limited 
  use 
  was 
  the 
  clod-breaker 
  

   (wini 
  or 
  wipo), 
  a 
  doughnut-shaped 
  stone 
  with 
  a 
  long 
  wooden 
  handle 
  

   used 
  to 
  break 
  up 
  earth 
  loosened 
  by 
  plowing 
  (Gonzalez, 
  1608, 
  pp. 
  201, 
  

   354; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  1165). 
  Poma 
  illustrates 
  a 
  boat-shaped 
  board 
  

   used 
  for 
  scraping 
  the 
  earth 
  over 
  planted 
  seeds 
  and 
  for 
  general 
  dig- 
  

   ging. 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  1156, 
  1162; 
  see 
  Descriptions 
  in 
  Cobo, 
  1890- 
  

   95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  8.) 
  

  

  