﻿228 
  • 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Although 
  most 
  Inca 
  buildings 
  consisted 
  of 
  a 
  single 
  lower 
  story 
  with 
  

   storage 
  space 
  under 
  the 
  roof, 
  two-story 
  buildings 
  are 
  not 
  uncommon 
  

   (Ollantaytambo 
  ; 
  Wifiay 
  Wayna), 
  and 
  three-story 
  buildings 
  are 
  

   known 
  (Cacha) 
  . 
  These 
  have 
  one 
  story 
  directly 
  over 
  another, 
  and 
  are 
  

   not 
  terraced 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  Southwest 
  (U. 
  S.) 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Maya 
  area. 
  The 
  

   column 
  occurs 
  in 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  different 
  forms. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  monolithic 
  

   pillar 
  at 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  (Bingham, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  498, 
  512), 
  a 
  square 
  stone 
  

   and 
  mud 
  pillar 
  at 
  Chachabamba 
  (pi. 
  83, 
  bottom) 
  ; 
  a 
  large 
  round 
  column 
  

   with 
  a 
  stone 
  foundation 
  and 
  adobe 
  top 
  at 
  Cacha 
  (Squier, 
  1877, 
  p. 
  407) 
  ; 
  

   and 
  round 
  adobe 
  ones 
  of 
  Inca 
  date 
  at 
  Pachacamac 
  on 
  the 
  Central 
  

   Coast 
  ("Temple 
  of 
  Pachacamac"). 
  The 
  corbel 
  vault 
  was 
  known 
  but 
  

   used 
  only 
  in 
  roofing 
  small 
  chambers 
  (Smith, 
  1940). 
  Architectural 
  

   sculpture 
  was 
  used 
  occasionally, 
  usually 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  snakes 
  or 
  pumas 
  

   on 
  the 
  door 
  jambs 
  or 
  lintels. 
  Saw-tooth 
  or 
  zigzag 
  walls 
  in 
  fortifi- 
  

   cations 
  were 
  not 
  common, 
  but 
  occur 
  at 
  Sacsahuaman 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  

   other 
  sites. 
  The 
  corners 
  of 
  Inca 
  walls 
  are 
  always 
  carefully 
  bonded, 
  

   and 
  long 
  vertical 
  joints 
  were 
  avoided. 
  In 
  adobe 
  construction, 
  alter- 
  

   nate 
  rows 
  of 
  headers 
  and 
  stretchers 
  were 
  used 
  ("English 
  bond"). 
  

   Technically, 
  Inca 
  construction 
  is 
  far 
  superior 
  to 
  the 
  best 
  Maya 
  or 
  

   Mexican 
  work. 
  

  

  Towns 
  and 
  town 
  planning.— 
  Most 
  Indian 
  towns 
  grew 
  up 
  without 
  

   benefit 
  of 
  architect, 
  and 
  the 
  houses 
  were 
  consequently 
  scattered 
  in 
  a 
  

   haphazard 
  manner 
  along 
  the 
  paths 
  already 
  in 
  use. 
  (Cf. 
  Shippee, 
  

   1934, 
  p. 
  119.) 
  Cobo 
  remarks 
  that 
  such 
  towns 
  had 
  no 
  regular 
  streets 
  

   or 
  squares, 
  and 
  the 
  houses 
  were 
  quite 
  widely 
  separated. 
  They 
  were 
  

   built 
  on 
  slopes 
  and 
  rocky 
  places 
  when 
  possible 
  so 
  as 
  not 
  to 
  occupy 
  

   land 
  that 
  could 
  be 
  cultivated. 
  Most 
  of 
  these 
  towns 
  contained 
  less 
  

   than 
  a 
  hundred 
  families 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  3; 
  see 
  also 
  

   Estete, 
  1924, 
  p. 
  49). 
  Towns 
  were 
  never 
  fortified, 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  

   maintaining 
  instead 
  a 
  fort 
  or 
  "city 
  of 
  refuge" 
  on 
  some 
  peak 
  near 
  their 
  

   peacetime 
  settlement. 
  The 
  fort 
  usually 
  consisted 
  of 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  

   concentric 
  walls 
  surrounding 
  the 
  peak, 
  with 
  houses 
  inside 
  that 
  could 
  

   be 
  occupied 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  attack. 
  Forts 
  were 
  called 
  pokara, 
  unforti- 
  

   fied 
  towns, 
  LYAQTA. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  initiated 
  a 
  policy 
  of 
  urbanization 
  to 
  relocate 
  the 
  Indian 
  

   towns 
  where 
  they 
  would 
  have 
  easier 
  access 
  to 
  their 
  fields 
  and 
  be 
  fur- 
  

   ther 
  removed 
  from 
  their 
  old 
  forts 
  (Polo, 
  1940, 
  p. 
  133). 
  The 
  new 
  

   sites 
  were 
  laid 
  out 
  by 
  imperial 
  architects, 
  and 
  the 
  various 
  public 
  

   buildings 
  were 
  built 
  in 
  Inca 
  sytle 
  by 
  mit'a 
  labor. 
  Some 
  towns, 
  espe- 
  

   cially 
  administrative 
  or 
  political 
  centers, 
  were 
  entirely 
  built 
  by 
  the 
  

   government. 
  The 
  ideal 
  town 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  laid 
  out 
  in 
  square 
  

   blocks, 
  each 
  containing 
  one, 
  two, 
  or 
  four 
  kanca 
  type 
  enclosures, 
  but 
  

   this 
  was 
  modified 
  in 
  practice 
  to 
  fit 
  the 
  topography. 
  The 
  best 
  example 
  

   of 
  Inca 
  town 
  planning 
  is 
  the 
  valley 
  town 
  of 
  Ollantaytambo, 
  where 
  

   the 
  house 
  blocks 
  are 
  fitted 
  into 
  a 
  trapezoidal 
  space 
  with 
  two 
  large 
  

  

  