﻿Tol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  229 
  

  

  squares 
  on 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  area. 
  (Squier, 
  1877, 
  p. 
  492. 
  The 
  

   plan 
  is 
  exceedingly 
  inaccurate.) 
  

  

  Inca 
  towns 
  were 
  not 
  much 
  bigger 
  than 
  the 
  unplanned 
  towns 
  of 
  

   earlier 
  periods, 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  seem 
  not 
  to 
  have 
  practiced 
  urban 
  concen- 
  

   tration 
  in 
  the 
  European 
  sense. 
  Cuzco, 
  for 
  instance, 
  consisted 
  of 
  a 
  

   central 
  ceremonial 
  area, 
  inhabited 
  only 
  by 
  nobles, 
  priests, 
  govern- 
  

   ment 
  officials, 
  and 
  their 
  servants, 
  and 
  a 
  ring 
  of 
  small 
  villages, 
  sepa- 
  

   rated 
  from 
  the 
  center 
  and 
  from 
  each 
  other 
  by 
  open 
  fields. 
  The 
  latter 
  

   were 
  settled 
  with 
  colonists 
  from 
  all 
  over 
  the 
  Empire, 
  who 
  formed 
  the 
  

   bulk 
  of 
  the 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  capital 
  (Garcilaso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  7, 
  

   ch. 
  8; 
  Sancho, 
  1917 
  b, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  The 
  ceremonial 
  center 
  was 
  laid 
  out 
  in 
  

   roughly 
  square 
  blocks, 
  separated 
  by 
  narrow 
  straight 
  streets, 
  and 
  

   with 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  large 
  squares. 
  In 
  Colonial 
  times, 
  the 
  spaces 
  between 
  

   the 
  surrounding 
  villages 
  and 
  the 
  center 
  were 
  built 
  up, 
  but 
  the 
  old 
  

   divisions 
  are 
  still 
  preserved 
  in 
  the 
  parishes 
  whose 
  boundaries 
  date 
  

   back 
  to 
  the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century. 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  villages 
  

   around 
  the 
  capital 
  were 
  Santa 
  Ana 
  (Qarminqa), 
  Belen 
  (*Cayau- 
  

   cache), 
  San 
  Bias 
  (*Tococache), 
  and 
  San 
  Crist6bal 
  (Qolqampata) 
  . 
  

   Sancho 
  estimates 
  the 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  valley 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  as 
  over 
  

   100,000 
  families 
  (1917 
  b, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

  

  Coast 
  architecture 
  contrasted 
  to 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  in 
  being 
  

   adapted 
  to 
  the 
  need 
  for 
  shade 
  and 
  shelter 
  from 
  the 
  wind 
  rather 
  than 
  

   shelter 
  from 
  the 
  rain 
  and 
  cold. 
  Houses 
  usually 
  consisted 
  of 
  a 
  pole 
  

   framework 
  supporting 
  wattle-and-daub 
  walls 
  and 
  a 
  flat 
  roof: 
  more 
  

   elaborate 
  construction 
  was 
  usually 
  of 
  adobe 
  or 
  poured 
  mud 
  blocks 
  

   (tapia) 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  7, 
  ch. 
  3). 
  It 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  bor- 
  

   rowed 
  the 
  idea 
  of 
  the 
  square-block 
  town 
  plan 
  from 
  the 
  Chimu 
  King- 
  

   dom, 
  where 
  a 
  very 
  impressive 
  variant 
  of 
  it 
  exists 
  at 
  Chanchan 
  near 
  

   Trujillo. 
  Coast 
  architecture 
  has 
  been 
  studied 
  even 
  less 
  than 
  High- 
  

   land 
  architecture, 
  and 
  is 
  an 
  equally 
  rich 
  field. 
  

  

  ENGINEERING 
  WORKS 
  

  

  Roads. 
  — 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  first 
  Inca 
  achievements 
  noted 
  and 
  admired 
  by 
  

   the 
  Spanish 
  conquerors 
  was 
  the 
  superb 
  system 
  of 
  roads 
  which 
  linked 
  

   up 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Empire. 
  It 
  was 
  this 
  which 
  made 
  possible 
  the 
  

   administration 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  vast 
  area 
  from 
  a 
  single 
  capital, 
  and, 
  with 
  

   the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest, 
  it 
  remained 
  for 
  many 
  years 
  a 
  bond 
  holding 
  

   together 
  the 
  unwieldy 
  viceroy 
  alty 
  of 
  Lima. 
  The 
  general 
  course 
  of 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  roads 
  is 
  pretty 
  well 
  known, 
  as 
  we 
  have 
  several 
  detailed 
  de- 
  

   scriptions 
  of 
  journeys 
  made 
  along 
  them 
  and 
  lists 
  of 
  post 
  houses. 
  (See 
  

   Cieza, 
  1554, 
  bk. 
  1; 
  Vaca 
  de 
  Castro, 
  1909; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  1082-1093; 
  

   Regal, 
  1936.) 
  

  

  Two 
  main 
  roads 
  ran 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  Empire, 
  one 
  along 
  the 
  Coast 
  

   and 
  the 
  other 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  while 
  transverse 
  roads 
  connected 
  all 
  

   important 
  towns 
  with 
  these 
  roads 
  and 
  with 
  one 
  another. 
  The 
  great 
  

  

  