﻿230 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  IB. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Coast 
  road 
  started 
  at 
  Tumbez, 
  where 
  a 
  lateral 
  branch 
  connected 
  it 
  

   with 
  the 
  Highland 
  road. 
  It 
  followed 
  the 
  Coast, 
  passing 
  through 
  the 
  

   valleys 
  at 
  least 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  Arequipa. 
  Some 
  sources 
  say 
  it 
  went 
  

   on 
  to 
  Chile, 
  but, 
  if 
  so, 
  the 
  Arequipa-Coquimbo 
  section 
  was 
  very 
  little 
  

   used. 
  The 
  Highland 
  road 
  began 
  at 
  the 
  Ancasmayo 
  River 
  on 
  the 
  

   present 
  border 
  between 
  Colombia 
  and 
  Ecuador, 
  ran 
  south 
  through 
  

   Quito, 
  Huancapampa, 
  Cajamarca, 
  Jauja, 
  Vilcas, 
  and 
  Cuzco 
  to 
  Aya- 
  

   vire, 
  where 
  it 
  split 
  to 
  go 
  around 
  Lake 
  Titicaca. 
  In 
  Bolivia, 
  it 
  went 
  

   to 
  Chuquisaca 
  and 
  then 
  down 
  through 
  Tupiza 
  to 
  Tucuman. 
  One 
  

   branch 
  ran 
  out 
  to 
  the 
  coast 
  at 
  Coquimbo 
  and 
  followed 
  the 
  shore 
  down 
  

   to 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  Santiago, 
  while 
  another 
  went 
  down 
  through 
  Argentina 
  

   to 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  Mendoza 
  before 
  crossing 
  the 
  Andes. 
  Branch 
  

   roads 
  connected 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  Nazca, 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  Arequipa, 
  Chucuito 
  

   and 
  Arequipa, 
  Jauja 
  and 
  Pachacamac, 
  Chanchan 
  and 
  Cajamarca, 
  

   and 
  ran 
  eastward 
  to 
  the 
  provinces 
  of 
  Chachapoyas 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  

   Paucartambo 
  in 
  the 
  south. 
  A 
  great 
  network 
  of 
  lesser 
  roads 
  linked 
  

   every 
  town 
  in 
  the 
  Empire. 
  

  

  The 
  Coast 
  road 
  was 
  12 
  to 
  15 
  feet 
  (4 
  to 
  5 
  m.) 
  wide 
  and, 
  where 
  it 
  

   passed 
  through 
  irrigated 
  valleys, 
  it 
  was 
  lined 
  with 
  molded 
  mud 
  walls, 
  

   which 
  were 
  sometimes 
  painted 
  with 
  figures 
  of 
  animals 
  and 
  other 
  

   designs 
  (Estete, 
  1924, 
  p. 
  49). 
  A 
  channel 
  of 
  water 
  ran 
  along 
  its 
  

   side, 
  and, 
  in 
  places, 
  fruit 
  trees 
  overhung 
  the 
  walls 
  for 
  shade 
  (Xerez, 
  

   1917, 
  pp. 
  32, 
  37; 
  Molina 
  of 
  Santiago, 
  1916, 
  p. 
  128). 
  Where 
  it 
  crossed 
  

   sandy 
  deserts, 
  however, 
  the 
  road 
  was 
  a 
  mere 
  track 
  in 
  the 
  sand 
  marked 
  

   at 
  intervals 
  with 
  posts. 
  When 
  it 
  crossed 
  steep 
  hills 
  or 
  rocky 
  head- 
  

   lands, 
  it 
  narrowed 
  to 
  about 
  3 
  feet 
  (1 
  m.), 
  and 
  was 
  cut 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  rock 
  

   or 
  supported 
  by 
  a 
  retaining 
  wall. 
  If 
  falling 
  earth 
  threatened 
  from 
  

   above, 
  another 
  wall 
  was 
  built 
  on 
  the 
  inside 
  to 
  hold 
  it 
  back 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  31). 
  

  

  The 
  Highland 
  road 
  was 
  narrower 
  and 
  unwalled, 
  but 
  the 
  broken 
  

   country 
  demanded 
  even 
  greater 
  engineering 
  skill. 
  On 
  steep 
  slopes, 
  

   it 
  zigzagged 
  to 
  reduce 
  the 
  grade, 
  and 
  was 
  provided 
  with 
  stone 
  steps 
  

   where 
  necessary 
  (Sancho, 
  1917 
  b, 
  ch. 
  7). 
  In 
  marshy 
  places 
  or 
  in 
  areas 
  

   subject 
  to 
  inundation, 
  it 
  ran 
  on 
  a 
  causeway 
  built 
  up 
  of 
  sod 
  blocks. 
  The 
  

   causeways 
  were 
  15 
  to 
  22 
  feet 
  (5 
  to 
  7 
  m.) 
  wide, 
  and 
  3 
  to 
  6 
  feet 
  (1 
  to 
  

   2 
  m.) 
  high. 
  They 
  were 
  sometimes 
  paved 
  with 
  flat 
  stones, 
  and 
  at 
  

   intervals 
  had 
  culverts 
  roofed 
  with 
  stone 
  slabs 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  

   ch. 
  31). 
  The 
  road 
  from 
  Phuyupata 
  Marka 
  to 
  Sayaq 
  Marka, 
  cleared 
  

   by 
  the 
  Wenner-Gren 
  Scientific 
  Expedition 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  Machu 
  

   Picchu, 
  is 
  about 
  3 
  feet 
  (1 
  m.) 
  wide, 
  paved 
  throughout 
  with 
  flat 
  stones, 
  

   and 
  supported 
  by 
  retaining 
  walls 
  9 
  to 
  12 
  feet 
  (3 
  to 
  4 
  m.) 
  high 
  on 
  steep 
  

   slopes. 
  It 
  goes 
  over 
  a 
  small 
  causeway 
  of 
  the 
  sort 
  described 
  by 
  Cobo 
  

   and, 
  rounding 
  a 
  cliff, 
  passes 
  through 
  a 
  tunnel 
  about 
  15 
  feet 
  (5 
  m.) 
  

   long, 
  made 
  by 
  enlarging 
  a 
  small 
  natural 
  crevice, 
  so 
  that 
  a 
  man 
  can 
  

   walk 
  through 
  it 
  erect. 
  The 
  tunnel 
  floor 
  is 
  cut 
  into 
  low 
  steps. 
  (See 
  

  

  