﻿VTol. 
  2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  237 
  

  

  was 
  practiced 
  as 
  well 
  by 
  many 
  peoples 
  who 
  did 
  not 
  speak 
  Aymara, 
  

   Deformation 
  by 
  tying 
  a 
  board 
  onto 
  the 
  forehead 
  (p'alta-oma, 
  "flat 
  

   head") 
  was 
  also 
  widespread. 
  The 
  Cavana 
  were 
  its 
  best 
  known 
  users. 
  

   (Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  52; 
  KGI, 
  1881-97, 
  2: 
  41;Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  

   bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  6.) 
  Head 
  deformation 
  is 
  not 
  specifically 
  ascribed 
  to 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  proper, 
  but 
  deformed 
  skulls 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Urubamba 
  

   Valley. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  Morua, 
  thick 
  thigh 
  and 
  shin 
  flesh 
  was 
  considered 
  a 
  

   mark 
  of 
  beauty 
  in 
  Inca 
  women, 
  who 
  tied 
  strings 
  above 
  and 
  below 
  the 
  

   knee 
  to 
  produce 
  it 
  (1922-25, 
  bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

  

  Paint. 
  — 
  The 
  Inca 
  used 
  face 
  paint 
  in 
  war, 
  in 
  mourning, 
  and 
  probably 
  

   in 
  ceremonies, 
  but 
  our 
  information 
  on 
  the 
  subject 
  is 
  scanty. 
  Face 
  

   paint 
  in 
  war 
  is 
  mentioned 
  by 
  Las 
  Casas 
  (1892, 
  ch. 
  6; 
  achiote); 
  Cobo 
  

   (1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  9; 
  many 
  colors) 
  ; 
  Cab 
  ello 
  de 
  Balboa 
  (1840, 
  p. 
  285; 
  

   many 
  colors); 
  and 
  Acosta 
  (1940, 
  bk. 
  4, 
  ch. 
  11; 
  cinnebar). 
  Black 
  paint 
  

   was 
  used 
  in 
  mourning 
  (Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  275, 
  women; 
  Cieza, 
  1554, 
  bk. 
  

   1, 
  ch. 
  83, 
  province 
  of 
  Tarma). 
  The 
  commonest 
  colors 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  vermilion 
  from 
  cinnebar 
  and 
  reddish 
  purple 
  from 
  achiote 
  or 
  genipa 
  

   (Bixa 
  orellana) 
  . 
  At 
  llama 
  sacrifices, 
  the 
  priests 
  drew 
  lines 
  on 
  the 
  faces 
  

   of 
  the 
  persons 
  making 
  the 
  offering 
  with 
  the 
  animal's 
  blood 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  ch. 
  25). 
  See 
  also 
  the 
  discussion 
  of 
  "body" 
  painting 
  

   in 
  Montell, 
  1929, 
  pp. 
  219-222. 
  

  

  Tattooing 
  was 
  practiced 
  on 
  the 
  coast 
  but 
  apparently 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  

   Highlands 
  (Montell, 
  1929, 
  pp. 
  148-151). 
  

  

  TRANSPORTATION 
  

  

  Human. 
  — 
  All 
  transportation 
  on 
  land 
  was 
  on 
  the 
  backs 
  of 
  men 
  or 
  

   llamas 
  or 
  by 
  litter. 
  The 
  standard 
  method 
  was 
  to 
  load 
  heavy 
  objects 
  

   in 
  the 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  cloak 
  or 
  mantle, 
  fold 
  two 
  opposite 
  corners 
  over 
  

   the 
  load, 
  grasp 
  the 
  other 
  two 
  corners, 
  swing 
  the 
  cloth 
  onto 
  the 
  back, 
  

   and 
  knot 
  the 
  corners 
  on 
  the 
  chest. 
  This 
  method 
  was 
  used 
  in 
  ancient 
  

   times 
  by 
  both 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  (fig. 
  27, 
  a) 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  196, 
  225, 
  

   356, 
  531, 
  etc.; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  6). 
  Pottery 
  jars 
  full 
  of 
  liquid 
  

   were 
  carried 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  with 
  a 
  rope. 
  Inca 
  jars 
  had 
  a 
  projecting 
  knob 
  

   on 
  the 
  shoulder, 
  and 
  two 
  vertical 
  strap 
  handles 
  near 
  the 
  bottom. 
  The 
  

   carrying 
  rope 
  passed 
  through 
  one 
  handle, 
  up 
  over 
  the 
  nob, 
  and 
  down 
  

   through 
  the 
  other 
  handle. 
  It 
  could 
  also 
  be 
  wound 
  around 
  the 
  neck 
  

   (Poma, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  246). 
  Other 
  heavy 
  objects 
  were 
  probably 
  carried 
  

   similarly 
  with 
  a 
  rope. 
  

  

  The 
  use 
  of 
  a 
  tump 
  line 
  (a 
  band 
  passing 
  over 
  the 
  forehead) 
  to 
  support 
  

   loads 
  carried 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  is 
  depicted 
  by 
  Poma 
  (1936, 
  pp. 
  229, 
  1147, 
  

   1150) 
  but 
  is 
  not 
  mentioned 
  in 
  other 
  sources. 
  The 
  tump 
  line 
  may 
  have 
  

   been 
  used 
  in 
  Rucanas, 
  where 
  Guaman 
  Poma 
  came 
  from, 
  or 
  in 
  neigh- 
  

   boring 
  regions 
  which 
  he 
  visited. 
  

  

  