﻿Vol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  239 
  

  

  Animal.— 
  Llamas, 
  extensively 
  used 
  to 
  transport 
  light 
  loads, 
  can 
  

   carry 
  up 
  to 
  about 
  100 
  pounds 
  if 
  the 
  weight 
  can 
  be 
  equally 
  distributed 
  

   on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  animaPs 
  back, 
  preferably 
  in 
  woolen 
  saddle 
  bags. 
  

   The 
  llama 
  was 
  ridden 
  occasionally 
  in 
  ancient 
  times, 
  but 
  it 
  tires 
  so 
  

   easily 
  under 
  even 
  a 
  small 
  man 
  as 
  to 
  be 
  worthless 
  as 
  a 
  mount. 
  It 
  has 
  

   great 
  endurance 
  and 
  can 
  find 
  its 
  own 
  feed 
  along 
  the 
  road, 
  but 
  must 
  

   travel 
  very 
  slowly 
  and 
  be 
  relieved 
  frequently. 
  The 
  lead 
  llama 
  in 
  a 
  

   pack 
  train 
  was 
  and 
  is 
  decorated 
  with 
  ear 
  tassels 
  and 
  bells, 
  and 
  the 
  

   other 
  animals 
  seem 
  to 
  recognize 
  his 
  leadership. 
  

  

  Litters. 
  — 
  Litters 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  were 
  restricted 
  to 
  the 
  highest 
  

   nobility. 
  They 
  consisted 
  of 
  two 
  long 
  poles 
  resting 
  on 
  the 
  bearers' 
  

   shoulders 
  with 
  a 
  passenger 
  seat 
  built 
  on 
  a 
  floor 
  across 
  the 
  middle. 
  

   Security 
  was 
  provided 
  by 
  boxing 
  in 
  the 
  sides 
  and 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  seating 
  

   platform. 
  In 
  the 
  most 
  elaborate 
  litters, 
  the 
  seats 
  were 
  protected 
  

   from 
  the 
  sun 
  by 
  a 
  roof 
  or 
  canopy 
  of 
  feather 
  cloth. 
  The 
  seats 
  were 
  the 
  

   usual 
  low 
  carved 
  stools 
  covered 
  with 
  fine 
  cushions. 
  Litters 
  were 
  built 
  

   to 
  seat 
  one 
  person 
  or 
  two 
  people 
  sitting 
  face 
  to 
  face. 
  The 
  ends 
  of 
  the 
  

   carrying 
  poles 
  were 
  sheathed 
  in 
  silver 
  or 
  other 
  metal, 
  often 
  in 
  the 
  shape 
  

   of 
  an 
  animal's 
  head, 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  litter 
  was 
  lavishly 
  decorated. 
  Four 
  

   Indians, 
  picked 
  for 
  their 
  smooth 
  pace, 
  carried 
  the 
  poles 
  and 
  were 
  re- 
  

   lieved 
  at 
  frequent 
  inteivals. 
  This 
  type 
  litter 
  was 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Emperor 
  

   and 
  members 
  of 
  his 
  immediate 
  family 
  (fig. 
  27, 
  6). 
  When 
  Atahuallpa 
  

   entered 
  Cajamarca, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  estimated 
  that 
  he 
  had 
  80 
  litter 
  

   bearers 
  in 
  blue 
  livery 
  with 
  him. 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  331, 
  333; 
  

   Xerez, 
  1917, 
  p. 
  58; 
  Estete, 
  1924, 
  p. 
  30; 
  Gonzalez, 
  1608; 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  

   bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  20.) 
  The 
  Rucana 
  were 
  the 
  most 
  famous 
  litter 
  bearers, 
  but 
  

   Guaman 
  Poma 
  mentions 
  Callahuaya 
  bearers 
  (1936, 
  p. 
  331). 
  Huas- 
  

   car's 
  litter 
  bearers 
  in 
  his 
  final 
  defeat 
  were 
  Rucana 
  and 
  Camanata, 
  i. 
  e., 
  

   Indians 
  of 
  Camana 
  Valley 
  (Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  322). 
  

  

  Gonzalez 
  mentions 
  another 
  type 
  of 
  litter, 
  which 
  he 
  compares 
  to 
  a 
  

   barbacoa 
  (elevated 
  frame 
  or 
  platform), 
  and 
  a 
  frame 
  for 
  carrying 
  

   beams. 
  Xerez 
  mentions 
  two 
  carrying 
  hammocks 
  in 
  Atahuallpa's 
  

   train, 
  but 
  gives 
  no 
  details 
  (Xerez, 
  1917, 
  p. 
  58). 
  For 
  litters 
  on 
  the 
  

   Coast, 
  see 
  Carrion 
  (1940). 
  

  

  Boats. 
  — 
  Andean 
  boats 
  and 
  navigation 
  have 
  aroused 
  wide 
  interest 
  

   in 
  modern 
  times, 
  and 
  at 
  least 
  two 
  good 
  studies 
  of 
  the 
  subject 
  exist 
  in 
  

   English 
  (Lothrop, 
  1932; 
  Means, 
  1942). 
  For 
  navigation 
  on 
  Lake 
  

   Titicaca, 
  see 
  this 
  volume, 
  page 
  533. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  immediate 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  there 
  was 
  little 
  reason 
  to 
  

   make 
  boats, 
  for 
  the 
  lakes 
  are 
  very 
  small 
  and 
  the 
  rivers 
  swift. 
  If 
  

   Aymara-ty\)Q 
  totora-reed 
  balsas 
  were 
  made, 
  they 
  did 
  not 
  attract 
  the 
  

   Spaniards' 
  attention. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Coast, 
  small 
  fishing 
  balsas 
  were 
  made 
  like 
  the 
  Aymara 
  balsas 
  

   but 
  had 
  long 
  tapering 
  prows 
  and 
  square-cut 
  sterns 
  (Bingham, 
  1913, 
  

  

  595682—46 
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