﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  249 
  

  

  around 
  Cuzco, 
  and 
  one 
  was 
  found 
  at 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  (Bingham, 
  1930, 
  

   fig. 
  205). 
  

  

  Bone 
  and 
  shell.- 
  — 
  Bone 
  was 
  used 
  for 
  needles, 
  spoons, 
  weaving 
  picks, 
  

   spindle 
  whorls, 
  flutes, 
  and 
  beads 
  and 
  other 
  ornamental 
  purposes. 
  

   Llama 
  bones 
  were 
  probably 
  the 
  principal 
  material. 
  (Bingham, 
  1930, 
  

   figs. 
  184, 
  185, 
  and 
  University 
  Museum 
  collection, 
  Cuzco; 
  Valcarcel, 
  

   1935 
  b, 
  pp. 
  190-91.) 
  A 
  very 
  elaborate 
  human 
  figurine 
  made 
  by 
  

   gluing 
  small 
  pieces 
  of 
  bone 
  together 
  was 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  1934 
  excava- 
  

   tions 
  at 
  Sacsahuaman 
  (University 
  Museum, 
  Cuzco). 
  

  

  Shell 
  was 
  used 
  for 
  beads 
  and 
  was 
  cut 
  into 
  small 
  human 
  and 
  animal 
  

   figurines, 
  either 
  for 
  jewelry 
  or 
  as 
  offerings. 
  A 
  silver 
  dish 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  

   shows 
  skillful 
  shell 
  inlay. 
  

  

  Fire 
  making. 
  — 
  Fire 
  was 
  made 
  by 
  rubbing 
  two 
  sticks 
  together 
  

   (Calancha, 
  1638, 
  bk. 
  4, 
  ch. 
  13). 
  The 
  sticks 
  were 
  called 
  *uyaca 
  14a 
  

   (Gonzalez, 
  1608, 
  p. 
  361). 
  No 
  details 
  are 
  given 
  about 
  the 
  kind 
  of 
  

   wood 
  used, 
  the 
  tinder, 
  or 
  the 
  manner 
  of 
  holding 
  the 
  apparatus. 
  

   Garcilaso 
  says 
  that 
  fire 
  for 
  sacrifices 
  was 
  always 
  made 
  new. 
  The 
  

   priest 
  wore 
  a 
  bracelet 
  with 
  a 
  concave 
  gold 
  plate 
  attached 
  to 
  it 
  with 
  

   which 
  he 
  concentrated 
  the 
  rays 
  of 
  the 
  sun 
  on 
  a 
  tuft 
  of 
  cotton 
  (Gar- 
  

   cilaso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  6, 
  ch. 
  22). 
  Cobo 
  says, 
  however, 
  that 
  fire 
  for 
  

   sacrifice 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  taken 
  from 
  a 
  brazier 
  kept 
  always 
  burning 
  near 
  the 
  

   Temple 
  of 
  the 
  Sun 
  (1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  ch. 
  22). 
  Garcilaso's 
  story 
  is 
  

   suspect, 
  being 
  entirely 
  without 
  historical 
  or 
  archeological 
  support, 
  

   but 
  is 
  not 
  impossible. 
  

  

  Weapons. 
  —See 
  pages 
  274-278. 
  

  

  SOCIAL 
  AND 
  POLITICAL 
  ORGANIZATION 
  

  

  Kinship 
  system. 
  — 
  The 
  chroniclers 
  were 
  far 
  more 
  interested 
  in 
  

   Inca 
  administration 
  work 
  than 
  in 
  details 
  of 
  family 
  and 
  village 
  organ- 
  

   ization, 
  so 
  that 
  this 
  section 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  much 
  less 
  definite 
  evidence 
  

   than 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  others. 
  Nevertheless, 
  careful 
  comparison 
  of 
  a 
  

   small 
  number 
  of 
  scattered 
  references 
  to 
  the 
  subject 
  permits 
  recon- 
  

   struction 
  of 
  the 
  broad 
  principles 
  on 
  which 
  Inca 
  society 
  was 
  based. 
  

   The 
  best 
  point 
  of 
  departure 
  is 
  the 
  Inca 
  kinship 
  system 
  and 
  the 
  incest 
  

   restrictions 
  placed 
  on 
  marriage, 
  the 
  two 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  question 
  

   treated 
  most 
  fully 
  in 
  the 
  sources. 
  

  

  The 
  kinship 
  system 
  is 
  fully 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  great 
  Quechua 
  gram- 
  

   mar 
  of 
  Diego 
  Gonzalez 
  Holguin 
  (Gonzalez, 
  1607, 
  ff 
  . 
  96-99) 
  ; 
  it 
  is 
  logical 
  

   and 
  not 
  remarkably 
  complicated. 
  There 
  are 
  separate 
  words 
  for 
  

   father 
  and 
  for 
  mother; 
  a 
  father 
  distinguished 
  his 
  son 
  and 
  daughter, 
  

   but 
  a 
  woman 
  used 
  a 
  single 
  term 
  for 
  her 
  children, 
  regardless 
  of 
  sex. 
  

   The 
  terms 
  for 
  brother 
  and 
  for 
  sister 
  vary 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  sex 
  of 
  the 
  

   speaker, 
  but 
  there 
  are 
  no 
  special 
  terms 
  for 
  older 
  and 
  younger 
  siblings. 
  

   First 
  cousins 
  are 
  called 
  "brother" 
  and 
  "sister." 
  Both 
  paternal 
  and 
  

  

  «» 
  An 
  asterisk 
  indicates 
  the 
  commonest 
  Hispanicized 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  word 
  it 
  marks. 
  (See 
  p. 
  185.) 
  

  

  