﻿250 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  maternal 
  grandparents 
  are 
  called 
  " 
  grandfather' 
  ' 
  and 
  " 
  grandmother," 
  

   and 
  there 
  is 
  only 
  one 
  term 
  for 
  grandchild. 
  The 
  father's 
  brother 
  is 
  

   called 
  "father," 
  and 
  father's 
  sister 
  "aunt." 
  Similarly, 
  mother's 
  sister 
  

   is 
  called 
  "mother," 
  mother's 
  brother 
  "uncle." 
  The 
  classificatory 
  

   parents 
  use 
  the 
  same 
  terms 
  for 
  man's 
  brother's 
  children 
  and 
  woman's 
  

   sister's 
  children 
  as 
  the 
  real 
  parents, 
  while 
  the 
  classificatory 
  uncles 
  

   and 
  aunts 
  call 
  these 
  children 
  "nephew" 
  and 
  "niece." 
  None 
  of 
  these 
  

   terms 
  is 
  reciprocal. 
  

  

  The 
  conjugal 
  relations 
  are 
  somewhat 
  more 
  complicated. 
  A 
  man 
  

   uses 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  for 
  his 
  father-in-law 
  and 
  his 
  brother-in-law, 
  and 
  

   the 
  same 
  term 
  for 
  his 
  mother-in-law 
  and 
  her 
  mother. 
  He 
  calls 
  his 
  

   sisters-in-law 
  by 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  that 
  his 
  own 
  parents 
  and 
  siblings 
  

   use 
  for 
  his 
  wife 
  and 
  her 
  sisters. 
  His 
  parents 
  call 
  his 
  father-in-law 
  

   by 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  he 
  does, 
  and 
  they 
  call 
  his 
  mother-in-law 
  "aunt"; 
  

   both 
  these 
  terms 
  are 
  reciprocal. 
  The 
  terms 
  used 
  by 
  a 
  woman 
  for 
  

   her 
  relatives 
  by 
  marriage 
  do 
  not 
  correspond 
  exactly 
  to 
  those 
  used 
  by 
  

   the 
  men. 
  A 
  woman 
  uses 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  for 
  her 
  father-in-law 
  and 
  his 
  

   father, 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  for 
  her 
  mother-in-law 
  and 
  mother-in-law's 
  

   mother. 
  She 
  calls 
  her 
  sister-in-law 
  "aunt," 
  or 
  may 
  use 
  the 
  same 
  

   term 
  a 
  man 
  uses 
  to 
  his 
  mother-in-law. 
  She 
  uses 
  the 
  same 
  term 
  to 
  

   the 
  brother-in-law 
  that 
  her 
  own 
  parents 
  and 
  siblings 
  use 
  toward 
  her 
  

   husband 
  and 
  his 
  brothers. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  special 
  word 
  for 
  "husband," 
  

   but 
  the 
  only 
  word 
  for 
  wife 
  is 
  "woman." 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  readily 
  noted 
  that 
  the 
  primary 
  basis 
  of 
  classification 
  is 
  

   sex, 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  speaker 
  (as 
  is 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  brother 
  class 
  and 
  con- 
  

   jugal 
  relations) 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  person 
  addressed. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  clear 
  emphasis 
  

   on 
  generations 
  in 
  the 
  reckoning 
  of 
  descent, 
  but 
  the 
  distinction 
  is 
  not 
  

   important 
  in 
  naming 
  conjugal 
  relatives. 
  The 
  distinctions 
  by 
  the 
  

   sex 
  of 
  the 
  speaker 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  person 
  addressed 
  are 
  so 
  symmetrical 
  that 
  

   it 
  would 
  be 
  difficult 
  to 
  imagine 
  the 
  system 
  functioning 
  in 
  a 
  society 
  

   with 
  rigid 
  clan 
  exogamy 
  and 
  descent 
  in 
  a 
  single 
  line, 
  for 
  there 
  would 
  

   be 
  no 
  way 
  of 
  distinguishing 
  clan 
  relatives 
  and 
  nonclan 
  relatives. 
  

   Cross-cousins 
  are 
  not 
  distinguished 
  from 
  parallel-cousins 
  by 
  their 
  

   own 
  generation, 
  but 
  are 
  carefully 
  distinguished 
  by 
  the 
  previous 
  gen- 
  

   eration, 
  and 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  all 
  cousins 
  call 
  each 
  other 
  brother 
  

   and 
  sister. 
  The 
  terms 
  for 
  brother-in-law 
  and 
  sister-in-law 
  do 
  not 
  

   imply 
  that 
  their 
  users 
  practiced 
  the 
  levirate, 
  but 
  they 
  would 
  not 
  be 
  

   incompatible 
  with 
  such 
  a 
  practice. 
  

  

  Quechua 
  Kinship 
  Terms 
  (Gonzdlez, 
  1607, 
  pp. 
  96-98) 
  

  

  (1) 
  Parent 
  class: 
  

  

  Yaya 
  — 
  father, 
  father's 
  brother. 
  

  

  Mama 
  — 
  mother, 
  mother's 
  sister. 
  

  

  Cori 
  — 
  father's 
  son 
  or 
  father's 
  brother's 
  nephew. 
  

  

  Ososi 
  — 
  father's 
  daughter 
  or 
  father's 
  brother's 
  niece. 
  

  

  Wawa 
  — 
  mother's 
  child 
  or 
  mother's 
  sister's 
  child. 
  

  

  