﻿Vol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  ROWE 
  253 
  

  

  judge 
  from 
  the 
  plans 
  of 
  such 
  Inca 
  sites 
  as 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  and 
  Ollan- 
  

   taytambo 
  (see 
  p. 
  000). 
  

  

  The 
  Ayllu. 
  — 
  In 
  modern 
  Indian 
  society, 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  unrelated 
  

   extended 
  families 
  living 
  together 
  in 
  a 
  restricted 
  area 
  and 
  following 
  

   certain 
  common 
  rules 
  of 
  crop 
  rotation 
  under 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  informal 
  

   leaders 
  is 
  called 
  an 
  ayllu 
  (aylyo) 
  or 
  community. 
  (See 
  pp. 
  441, 
  483, 
  

   and 
  539.) 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  that 
  some 
  sort 
  of 
  social 
  group 
  corres- 
  

   ponding 
  to 
  the 
  modern 
  ayllu 
  existed 
  in 
  ancient 
  times 
  also, 
  but 
  its 
  

   nature 
  is 
  not 
  easy 
  to 
  establish. 
  The 
  earliest 
  modern 
  writers 
  who 
  

   dealt 
  with 
  Inca 
  society 
  (e. 
  g., 
  Bandelier, 
  1910) 
  assumed 
  that 
  the 
  ayllu 
  

   was 
  a 
  clan, 
  and 
  attributed 
  to 
  it 
  all 
  the 
  classical 
  clan 
  characteristics: 
  

   matrilineal 
  descent, 
  exogamy 
  > 
  totemism, 
  etc. 
  Their 
  conclusions 
  have 
  

   never 
  been 
  seriously 
  questioned, 
  and 
  the 
  modern 
  summaries 
  of 
  Means 
  

   (1925), 
  Baudin 
  (1928), 
  Olson 
  (1933), 
  and 
  Murdock 
  (1934) 
  repeat 
  the 
  

   old 
  assumption 
  without 
  attempting 
  to 
  prove 
  it. 
  It 
  is 
  timely 
  to 
  reex- 
  

   amine 
  the 
  question 
  in 
  the 
  light 
  of 
  the 
  historical 
  and 
  ethnological 
  

   evidence. 
  

  

  The 
  original 
  assumption 
  that 
  the 
  ayllu 
  was 
  a 
  regular 
  clan 
  goes 
  back 
  

   to 
  the 
  immediate 
  followers 
  of 
  Lewis 
  Morgan, 
  who 
  were 
  eager 
  to 
  find 
  

   clans 
  in 
  the 
  history 
  of 
  all 
  human 
  societies 
  as 
  part 
  of 
  their 
  hypothesis 
  

   of 
  social 
  evolution, 
  and 
  who 
  were 
  compelled 
  to 
  rely 
  on 
  very 
  fragmen- 
  

   tary 
  descriptions 
  for 
  the 
  Andean 
  area. 
  At 
  first, 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  even 
  consid- 
  

   ered 
  necessary 
  to 
  prove 
  the 
  point 
  by 
  references 
  to 
  the 
  chroniclers, 
  for 
  

   it 
  was 
  universally 
  believed, 
  in 
  the 
  absence 
  of 
  village 
  studies, 
  that 
  the 
  

   modern 
  ayllu 
  was 
  a 
  clan, 
  and 
  that 
  Andean 
  Indian 
  society 
  had 
  not 
  

   changed 
  greatly 
  since 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  The 
  fallacy 
  respecting 
  

   the 
  modern 
  ayllu 
  is 
  amply 
  demonstrated 
  by 
  the 
  articles 
  on 
  the 
  Modern 
  

   Quechua 
  and 
  Aymara 
  (this 
  volume, 
  pp. 
  441, 
  539) 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  entirely 
  

   escape 
  the 
  notice 
  of 
  Bandelier, 
  who 
  made 
  superficial 
  studies 
  of 
  the 
  

   Aymara 
  in 
  the 
  90 
  's. 
  Instead 
  of 
  questioning 
  the 
  whole 
  clan 
  theory, 
  

   however, 
  Bandelier 
  concluded 
  that 
  the 
  modern 
  ayllu 
  had 
  merely 
  lost 
  

   the 
  clan 
  character 
  which 
  it 
  had 
  at 
  an 
  earlier 
  stage 
  in 
  its 
  history. 
  

   In 
  1910, 
  he 
  said 
  he 
  had 
  found 
  proof 
  for 
  this 
  belief, 
  but 
  the 
  citations 
  

   from 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  produced 
  to 
  substantiate 
  it 
  are 
  all 
  capable 
  of 
  

   other 
  interpretations 
  (1910, 
  pp. 
  84, 
  146). 
  

  

  Any 
  attempt 
  to 
  establish 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  ancient 
  ayllu 
  by 
  study 
  

   of 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  faces 
  a 
  serious 
  difficulty 
  in 
  the 
  looseness 
  of 
  Quechua 
  

   terminology. 
  The 
  word 
  ayllu 
  is 
  used 
  in 
  Spanish 
  with 
  several 
  very 
  

   different 
  meanings: 
  (1) 
  The 
  lineages 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  royal 
  class, 
  each 
  

   composed 
  of 
  the 
  direct 
  descendants 
  of 
  an 
  Emperor 
  in 
  the 
  male 
  line; 
  (2) 
  

   the 
  social 
  unit 
  of 
  several 
  extended 
  families 
  with 
  which 
  we 
  are 
  now 
  con- 
  

   cerned; 
  (3) 
  occasionally, 
  the 
  moiety! 
  The 
  word 
  ayllu 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  

   been 
  a 
  general 
  word 
  for 
  "kin-group" 
  in 
  Quechua, 
  and 
  its 
  specific 
  

   meaning 
  was 
  probably 
  made 
  clear 
  by 
  the 
  context. 
  It 
  is 
  quite 
  impor- 
  

  

  