﻿256 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  dual 
  one, 
  and 
  the 
  two 
  moieties 
  were 
  called 
  "upper" 
  and 
  "lower." 
  

   However, 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  Inca 
  practice 
  did 
  not 
  wholly 
  correspond 
  to 
  

   theory 
  makes 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  term 
  "moiety" 
  difficult, 
  and 
  the 
  word 
  is 
  

   only 
  used 
  in 
  this 
  article 
  when 
  two 
  sections 
  are 
  referred 
  to. 
  The 
  dual 
  

   division 
  was 
  certainly 
  ancient 
  in 
  some 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  area. 
  

   It 
  is 
  specifically 
  mentioned 
  for 
  the 
  Chanca, 
  for 
  instance 
  (Sarmiento, 
  

   1906, 
  ch. 
  26). 
  As 
  all 
  our 
  information 
  about 
  the 
  moiety 
  division 
  

   concerns 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  it 
  used 
  in 
  Inca 
  administration, 
  however, 
  it 
  is 
  

   best 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  next 
  section. 
  

  

  Age 
  grades. 
  — 
  Inca 
  society 
  was 
  also 
  divided 
  by 
  age 
  groups. 
  Quechua 
  

   contains 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  descriptive 
  words 
  corresponding 
  to 
  our 
  "baby," 
  

   "child," 
  "youth," 
  "adult," 
  and 
  so 
  forth, 
  which 
  are 
  used 
  today, 
  and 
  

   most 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  ancient. 
  For 
  purposes 
  of 
  census 
  and 
  tax 
  assess- 
  

   ment, 
  the 
  Inca 
  made 
  12 
  standard 
  age 
  divisions 
  which 
  are 
  variously 
  

   named. 
  Transition 
  from 
  one 
  grade 
  to 
  another 
  came 
  not 
  at 
  a 
  certain 
  

   age, 
  for 
  the 
  Indians 
  kept 
  no 
  exact 
  reckoning 
  of 
  their 
  age, 
  but 
  with 
  

   obvious 
  changes 
  in 
  physical 
  condition 
  and 
  usefulness. 
  The 
  most 
  

   important 
  age 
  grade 
  was 
  that 
  of 
  able-bodied 
  adults, 
  which 
  was 
  entered 
  

   at 
  marriage 
  and 
  lasted 
  as 
  long 
  as 
  both 
  parties 
  could 
  do 
  a 
  full 
  day's 
  

   work. 
  The 
  adult 
  man 
  was 
  called 
  haton 
  rona, 
  poriq, 
  or 
  awqa 
  

   (warrior). 
  Under 
  the 
  Empire, 
  a 
  man's 
  age-grade 
  classification 
  was 
  

   checked 
  regularly 
  by 
  the 
  census 
  taker. 
  15 
  

  

  Leadership 
  patterns. 
  — 
  Before 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquest, 
  political 
  units 
  in 
  

   the 
  Andes 
  were 
  very 
  small 
  and 
  varied 
  greatly 
  in 
  character 
  and 
  organ- 
  

   ization. 
  United 
  tribes 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Chanca 
  controlled 
  a 
  wide 
  area 
  with 
  

   many 
  subject 
  groups. 
  Around 
  Cuzco, 
  individual 
  ayllus 
  acted 
  inde- 
  

   pendently, 
  and 
  the 
  whole 
  area 
  was 
  in 
  a 
  state 
  of 
  chronic 
  war. 
  16 
  

  

  There 
  were 
  two 
  common 
  leadership 
  patterns, 
  one 
  based 
  on 
  personal 
  

   prestige, 
  the 
  other 
  on 
  inheritance. 
  Many 
  communities 
  recognized 
  

   no 
  leader 
  except 
  in 
  time 
  of 
  emergency, 
  when 
  the 
  warriors 
  followed 
  the 
  

   the 
  man 
  who 
  had 
  proved 
  himself 
  outstanding 
  in 
  earlier 
  campaigns. 
  

   Such 
  prestige 
  leaders 
  were 
  called 
  sinci. 
  The 
  Inca 
  are 
  the 
  best 
  

   example 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  pattern: 
  hereditary 
  chiefs 
  who 
  enjoyed 
  as 
  much 
  

   power 
  as 
  they 
  could 
  exercise 
  without 
  being 
  deposed 
  by 
  their 
  subjects. 
  

   To 
  exalt 
  the 
  hereditary 
  principle 
  as 
  a 
  symbol 
  of 
  civilized 
  government, 
  

   and 
  to 
  identify 
  it 
  with 
  their 
  own 
  dynasty, 
  the 
  Inca 
  claimed 
  that 
  it 
  had 
  

   not 
  existed 
  before 
  their 
  time, 
  and 
  many 
  chroniclers 
  repeated 
  this 
  claim. 
  

   Actually, 
  even 
  quite 
  close 
  to 
  Cuzco, 
  the 
  Inca 
  had 
  to 
  fight 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  

  

  » 
  The 
  different 
  lists 
  of 
  age 
  grades 
  can 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  full 
  in 
  Santillan 
  (1879, 
  pp. 
  19-21), 
  Castro 
  (1936, 
  p. 
  238), 
  

   Sefiores 
  (1904, 
  p. 
  202), 
  and 
  Poma 
  (1936, 
  pp. 
  193-234). 
  Means' 
  translations 
  (1925, 
  p. 
  456) 
  are 
  based 
  on 
  bad 
  

   textual 
  reconstructions 
  by 
  Jimenez 
  do 
  la 
  Espada, 
  and 
  should 
  be 
  used 
  with 
  caution. 
  

  

  16 
  Although 
  military 
  alliances 
  were 
  a 
  common 
  expedient 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  (the 
  alliance 
  between 
  the 
  

   Chimu 
  king 
  and 
  Cajamarca 
  is 
  a 
  good 
  example), 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  evidence 
  of 
  formal 
  confederations. 
  The 
  Ckimu 
  

   Kingdom 
  was 
  a 
  feudal 
  state; 
  the 
  valley 
  of 
  Chincha 
  was 
  ruled 
  by 
  hereditary 
  chiefs; 
  and 
  the 
  Chanca 
  seem 
  to 
  

   have 
  had 
  prestige 
  chiefs 
  only. 
  Neither 
  the 
  Chincha 
  nor 
  the 
  Chanca 
  had 
  any 
  political 
  pattern 
  which 
  could 
  

   fairly 
  be 
  called 
  a 
  "confederacy.'* 
  (Cieza, 
  1554, 
  bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  74; 
  Castro, 
  1936; 
  Betanzos, 
  1880, 
  ch. 
  6; 
  Sarmiento, 
  

   1906, 
  ch. 
  26; 
  and 
  compare 
  Means, 
  1931, 
  p. 
  237.) 
  

  

  