﻿262 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Territorial 
  divisions.— 
  The 
  two 
  classes 
  of 
  the 
  nobility 
  were 
  broken 
  

   down 
  into 
  an 
  elaborate 
  administrative 
  bureaucracy, 
  the 
  various 
  ranks 
  

   being 
  classified 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  size 
  and 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  territorial 
  

   unit 
  controlled. 
  The 
  whole 
  Empire 
  was 
  divided 
  administratively 
  

   into 
  four 
  great 
  quarters, 
  each 
  named 
  after 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  provinces 
  in- 
  

   cluded 
  in 
  it. 
  The 
  dividing 
  lines 
  between 
  the 
  quarters 
  ran 
  approximate- 
  

   ly 
  north-south 
  and 
  east-west, 
  meeting 
  in 
  the 
  city 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  the 
  Impe- 
  

   rial 
  capital. 
  The 
  northwestern 
  division 
  was 
  called 
  Chinchasuyu 
  

   (cinca-soyo), 
  and 
  included 
  most 
  of 
  central 
  and 
  northern 
  Peru 
  and 
  

   Ecuador. 
  The 
  southwest 
  quarter 
  was 
  Cuntisuyu 
  (konti-soyo), 
  and 
  

   its 
  boundaries 
  cut 
  the 
  Coast 
  roughly 
  at 
  lea 
  and 
  Moquehua. 
  On 
  the 
  

   slopes 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  forest 
  was 
  anti-soyo, 
  stretching 
  an 
  undeter- 
  

   mined 
  distance 
  to 
  the 
  northwest 
  and 
  southeast. 
  The 
  largest 
  quarter 
  

   of 
  all 
  was 
  Collasuyu 
  (qolya-soyo), 
  including 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin, 
  

   most 
  of 
  Bolivia, 
  Highland 
  Argentina, 
  and 
  the 
  northern 
  half 
  of 
  Chile. 
  

   The 
  whole 
  Empire 
  was 
  called 
  the 
  Land 
  of 
  the 
  Four 
  Quarters 
  (Tawan- 
  

   tin-soyo). 
  The 
  division 
  into 
  quarters 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  made 
  by 
  

   Pachacuti 
  about 
  1460, 
  when 
  the 
  Empire 
  was 
  not 
  as 
  long 
  aod 
  narrow 
  

   as 
  it 
  later 
  became, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  areas 
  of 
  the 
  quarters 
  were 
  originally 
  

   equal. 
  

  

  Each 
  quarter 
  was 
  subdivided 
  into 
  provinces 
  (wama& 
  or 
  wamani) 
  

   (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  80, 
  105; 
  Senores, 
  1904, 
  pp. 
  201-2; 
  Santillan, 
  1879, 
  

   p. 
  17), 
  many 
  of 
  them 
  corresponding 
  to 
  the 
  native 
  states 
  and 
  tribal 
  

   groups 
  which 
  the 
  Inca 
  found 
  when 
  they 
  conquered 
  the 
  area. 
  Where 
  

   the 
  original 
  units 
  were 
  too 
  small, 
  the 
  Inca 
  grouped 
  several 
  into 
  a 
  

   single 
  province, 
  or 
  added 
  some 
  small 
  residual 
  groups 
  to 
  larger 
  neigh- 
  

   boring 
  nations. 
  The 
  provinces 
  varied 
  considerably 
  in 
  size 
  and 
  pop- 
  

   ulation. 
  A 
  capital 
  city 
  was 
  established 
  in 
  each 
  province 
  to 
  serve 
  as 
  

   the 
  administrative 
  and 
  religious 
  center. 
  In 
  it 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Government 
  

   buildings 
  were 
  constructed. 
  Names 
  of 
  provincial 
  capitals 
  were 
  formed 
  

   with 
  HATOft, 
  "great": 
  haton 
  sora, 
  the 
  provincial 
  capital 
  of 
  the 
  Sora; 
  

   Haton 
  qolya, 
  the 
  provincial 
  capital 
  of 
  the 
  Colla, 
  aud 
  so 
  forth. 
  The 
  

   inhabitants 
  of 
  each 
  province 
  wore 
  a 
  distinctive 
  headdress, 
  usually 
  a 
  

   cord 
  binding 
  the 
  hair 
  or 
  a 
  woolen 
  cap. 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  24 
  ; 
  

   Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  23; 
  Las 
  Casas, 
  1892, 
  ch. 
  20.) 
  

  

  Each 
  province 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  parts 
  (saya). 
  The 
  

   ideal 
  pattern 
  was 
  undoubtedly 
  the 
  dual 
  (moiety) 
  division 
  found 
  

   among 
  the 
  Inca 
  themselves, 
  and 
  the 
  divisions 
  were 
  known 
  as 
  Upper 
  

   and 
  Lower 
  (Hanan-saya 
  and 
  Horin-saya) 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  

   ch. 
  24). 
  The 
  province 
  of 
  Yauyos 
  we 
  know 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  

   moieties 
  only 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1 
  : 
  66). 
  However, 
  in 
  very 
  populous 
  pro- 
  

   vinces 
  where 
  a 
  dual 
  division 
  would 
  result 
  in 
  moieties 
  containing 
  more 
  

   than 
  10,000 
  taxpayers 
  each, 
  three 
  divisions 
  were 
  organized. 
  For 
  

   instance, 
  Huanca 
  province 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  Hanan 
  wanka, 
  Horin 
  

   wanka, 
  and 
  Sawsa, 
  and 
  Rucanas 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  Upper 
  and 
  Lower 
  

  

  