﻿264 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  they 
  ruled 
  a 
  section, 
  an 
  ayllu, 
  or 
  some 
  subdivision 
  of 
  these 
  groups. 
  

   For 
  instance, 
  the 
  ruler 
  of 
  the 
  section 
  of 
  Hanan 
  wanka 
  was 
  classified 
  

   as 
  a 
  Hono, 
  because 
  his 
  section 
  contained 
  some 
  9,000 
  taxpayers. 
  The 
  

   designation 
  of 
  Hono 
  does 
  not 
  imply 
  that 
  he 
  ruled 
  exactly 
  10,000 
  men; 
  

   it 
  is 
  an 
  approximation 
  for 
  purposes 
  of 
  classification 
  (Toledo, 
  1940, 
  

   p. 
  96; 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  81-82). 
  The 
  rank 
  of 
  an 
  ayllu 
  head 
  probably 
  

   varied 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  his 
  ayllu. 
  It 
  seems 
  probable, 
  for 
  in- 
  

   stance, 
  that 
  the 
  curacas 
  in 
  charge 
  of 
  the 
  four 
  ayllus 
  of 
  the 
  Antamarka 
  

   section 
  of 
  Rucanas 
  held 
  the 
  rank 
  of 
  Waranqa 
  koraka, 
  or 
  Chief 
  of 
  

   1,000 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  199). 
  In 
  other 
  cases, 
  the 
  rank 
  of 
  an 
  ayllu 
  

   chief 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  higher 
  or 
  lower. 
  17 
  

  

  The 
  decimal 
  classification 
  of 
  curacas 
  and 
  foremen 
  was 
  based 
  on 
  an 
  

   exact 
  head-count 
  constantly 
  corrected 
  by 
  the 
  local 
  officials 
  and 
  re- 
  

   corded 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  for 
  the 
  information 
  of 
  the 
  Imperial 
  Government. 
  It 
  

   served 
  also 
  as 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  taxation 
  and 
  service 
  in 
  the 
  army, 
  and 
  must 
  

   have 
  been 
  a 
  powerful 
  aid 
  to 
  Government 
  efficiency. 
  The 
  system 
  of 
  

   12 
  age 
  grades 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  previous 
  section 
  (p. 
  256) 
  was 
  used 
  to 
  

   break 
  down 
  the 
  head-count 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  way 
  that 
  the 
  Government 
  had 
  an 
  

   exact 
  report 
  on 
  the 
  human 
  resources 
  of 
  any 
  province. 
  The 
  foremen 
  

   recorded 
  all 
  births, 
  deaths, 
  and 
  changes 
  of 
  age 
  grade 
  within 
  their 
  

   jurisdiction 
  to 
  their 
  superiors, 
  and 
  the 
  totals 
  were 
  sent 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  

   Governor 
  of 
  the 
  province, 
  who 
  embodied 
  them 
  in 
  an 
  annual 
  report 
  

   presented 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  at 
  the 
  festival 
  of 
  Raymi 
  (December). 
  The 
  num- 
  

   bers 
  were 
  recorded 
  by 
  knots 
  on 
  colored 
  strings, 
  quipus 
  (khipo) 
  

   (p. 
  325). 
  18 
  

  

  In 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  regular 
  administrative 
  bureaucracy, 
  there 
  were 
  

   officials 
  for 
  special 
  activities. 
  It 
  seems 
  likely 
  that 
  the 
  Emperor 
  sent 
  

   out 
  special 
  inspectors, 
  called 
  tokoyrikoq 
  (literally, 
  "he 
  who 
  sees 
  all"), 
  

   to 
  check 
  up 
  on 
  the 
  regular 
  governors 
  and 
  curacas, 
  either 
  openly 
  or 
  

   secretly. 
  Unfortunately, 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  and 
  their 
  modern 
  editors 
  

   seriously 
  confused 
  the 
  Quechua 
  words 
  for 
  governor 
  and 
  inspector 
  19 
  

   and 
  their 
  respective 
  functions, 
  but 
  there 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  little 
  doubt 
  

   that 
  two 
  different 
  officials 
  existed. 
  20 
  

  

  w 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  unable 
  to 
  find 
  any 
  reference 
  in 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  to 
  support 
  Means's 
  statement 
  (1925, 
  p. 
  141; 
  

   cf. 
  Murdock, 
  1934, 
  p. 
  415) 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  "standardized" 
  the 
  ayllu 
  into 
  a 
  pacaka 
  (100 
  men), 
  and 
  the 
  avail- 
  

   able 
  evidence 
  is 
  clearly 
  against 
  it. 
  

  

  w 
  Along 
  with 
  almost 
  all 
  Inca 
  learning, 
  which 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  considerable, 
  the 
  census 
  totals 
  are 
  lost 
  

   because 
  no 
  one 
  committed 
  them 
  to 
  paper 
  after 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  Approximate 
  figures 
  have 
  been 
  

   preserved 
  for 
  a 
  few 
  provinces 
  (e.g., 
  Vauyos, 
  Huancas, 
  Vilcas, 
  and 
  Soras; 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  62, 
  81-2, 
  110, 
  

   170). 
  The 
  Indians 
  in 
  the 
  Province 
  of 
  Rucanas 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  population 
  had 
  been 
  greatest 
  under 
  Topa 
  

   Inca, 
  and 
  had 
  fallen 
  off 
  under 
  Huayna 
  Capac 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  181, 
  199). 
  The 
  preserved 
  figures 
  all 
  refer 
  

   to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  able-bodied 
  adult 
  men; 
  the 
  ratio 
  of 
  adult 
  men 
  to 
  the 
  total 
  population 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  

   about 
  1:5, 
  if 
  we 
  may 
  judge 
  by 
  the 
  comparative 
  figures 
  available 
  in 
  1586. 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  170, 
  181, 
  199. 
  

   See 
  also 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  19.) 
  

  

  » 
  Governor, 
  t'oqbikoq, 
  is 
  from 
  a 
  verb, 
  t'oqriy, 
  "to 
  govern," 
  and 
  inspector, 
  tokoy-bikoq 
  from 
  tokot, 
  

   "all," 
  and 
  bikot, 
  "look 
  at." 
  The 
  derivation 
  of 
  either 
  title 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  is 
  impossible 
  under 
  the 
  known 
  

   rules 
  of 
  Quechua 
  word 
  formation. 
  

  

  » 
  (See 
  Gonzalez 
  Holguin, 
  1608, 
  under 
  ntocrteuc; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  25; 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  35, 
  52; 
  

   Sefiores, 
  1904, 
  p. 
  202; 
  Falcon, 
  1918, 
  p. 
  147; 
  Matienzo, 
  1910, 
  ch. 
  14; 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  99-100; 
  Santillan, 
  1879, 
  

   p. 
  17; 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  18; 
  Mortia, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  18.) 
  

  

  