﻿270 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  province 
  were 
  charged 
  with 
  setting 
  an 
  example 
  to 
  the 
  original 
  inhab- 
  

   itants, 
  spreading 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  Quechua, 
  and 
  acting 
  as 
  an 
  Inca 
  garrison; 
  

   in 
  return, 
  they 
  received 
  women 
  and 
  honors 
  as 
  special 
  signs 
  of 
  Imperial 
  

   favor. 
  

  

  Similar 
  in 
  some 
  ways 
  to 
  the 
  imperial 
  colonies 
  were 
  the 
  Aymara 
  

   settlements 
  in 
  the 
  Coast 
  valleys 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  eastern 
  mountain 
  slopes. 
  

   The 
  Emperor 
  assigned 
  certain 
  fields 
  in 
  the 
  lower, 
  warmer 
  country 
  

   to 
  each 
  province 
  of 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin 
  and 
  the 
  Bolivian 
  altiplano, 
  

   so 
  that 
  the 
  mountaineers 
  could 
  have 
  their 
  own 
  source 
  of 
  the 
  subtropical 
  

   fruits. 
  The 
  Aymara 
  sent 
  colonists 
  to 
  care 
  for 
  these 
  lowland 
  fields. 
  

   These 
  colonists 
  did 
  not 
  pass 
  under 
  the 
  jurisdiction 
  of 
  the 
  local 
  officials, 
  

   but 
  remained 
  subject 
  to 
  the 
  Highland 
  governors. 
  (Cobo 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  

   12, 
  ch. 
  23; 
  Senores, 
  1904, 
  p. 
  203; 
  Garcilaso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  7, 
  ch. 
  1; 
  

   Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  17, 
  22; 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  ch. 
  39.) 
  

  

  The 
  scale 
  and 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  colonization 
  program 
  have 
  not 
  

   been 
  fully 
  recognized. 
  In 
  many 
  provinces, 
  the 
  colonists 
  outnumbered 
  

   the 
  natives 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  96). 
  

   In 
  Angaraes, 
  1Z% 
  of 
  22 
  towns 
  established 
  by 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  were 
  in- 
  

   habited 
  by 
  native 
  Angara; 
  the 
  rest 
  included 
  Chanca, 
  settlers 
  from 
  

   Cajarmarca, 
  Quihuar 
  from 
  Cuzco, 
  and 
  Huaro 
  from 
  Huarochiri 
  in 
  

   Yauyos 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1: 
  142-144). 
  Yamparaes 
  had 
  three 
  towns 
  of 
  

   natives 
  and 
  five 
  of 
  colonists, 
  including 
  Inca, 
  Yanahuara, 
  Canchi, 
  

   Colla, 
  Chicha, 
  and 
  Canari, 
  the 
  last 
  from 
  Ecuador 
  (Calancha, 
  1638, 
  

   bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  40). 
  These 
  examples 
  could 
  be 
  multiplied. 
  The 
  Inca 
  around 
  

   Cuzco 
  furnished 
  an 
  unusual 
  number 
  of 
  colonists, 
  and 
  were 
  replaced 
  

   by 
  Indians 
  from 
  nearly 
  every 
  province 
  in 
  the 
  Empire. 
  (See 
  especially 
  

   the 
  lists 
  of 
  witnesses 
  in 
  Toledo, 
  1940.) 
  

  

  Shuffling 
  populations 
  on 
  this 
  gigantic 
  scale 
  made 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  a 
  

   regular 
  melting 
  pot, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  that, 
  even 
  if 
  the 
  convulsions 
  

   which 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  brought 
  had 
  not 
  speeded 
  up 
  the 
  process, 
  

   the 
  old 
  tribal 
  divisions 
  would 
  have 
  entirely 
  lost 
  their 
  significance 
  in 
  a 
  

   couple 
  of 
  generations, 
  and 
  the 
  heterogeneous 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  Empire 
  

   would 
  have 
  become 
  a 
  single 
  nation. 
  The 
  unification 
  was 
  speeded 
  by 
  

   the 
  introduction 
  of 
  Quechua 
  as 
  the 
  language 
  for 
  all 
  official 
  business. 
  

   Quechua 
  was 
  already 
  rapidly 
  superseding 
  the 
  local 
  languages 
  when 
  

   Spanish 
  missionaries 
  assured 
  its 
  future 
  by 
  adopting 
  it 
  as 
  the 
  official 
  

   medium 
  of 
  evangelization. 
  

  

  Trade 
  and 
  travel. 
  — 
  Trade 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  was 
  purely 
  local, 
  

   and 
  commerce 
  a 
  Government 
  monopoly. 
  The 
  taxpayers 
  of 
  each 
  dis- 
  

   trict 
  held 
  small 
  fairs 
  to 
  exchange 
  their 
  surplus 
  products 
  and 
  unneeded 
  

   objects 
  received 
  in 
  Government 
  distributions. 
  No 
  form 
  of 
  money 
  was 
  

   used 
  in 
  such 
  exchanges. 
  As 
  the 
  Government 
  levied 
  no 
  property 
  

   taxes, 
  but 
  required 
  only 
  labor, 
  a 
  thrifty 
  and 
  industrious 
  family 
  could 
  

   accumulate 
  considerable 
  movable 
  property, 
  and 
  diversify 
  it 
  through 
  

   trade. 
  The 
  reservation 
  of 
  all 
  precious 
  metals 
  and 
  luxury 
  objects 
  to 
  

  

  