﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  271 
  

  

  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  Emperor 
  or 
  to 
  nobles 
  designated 
  by 
  him 
  prevented 
  a 
  

   wealthy 
  family 
  of 
  taxpayers 
  from 
  using 
  these 
  prestige 
  symbols. 
  

  

  Travel 
  was 
  restricted 
  to 
  Government 
  business 
  to 
  keep 
  the 
  tax- 
  

   payers 
  on 
  their 
  land 
  and 
  to 
  keep 
  the 
  roads 
  free 
  for 
  official 
  use. 
  Through 
  

   the 
  mit'a, 
  the 
  Emperor 
  moved 
  building 
  stone, 
  balsa 
  wood, 
  tropical 
  

   products, 
  and 
  luxuries 
  throughout 
  the 
  Empire 
  as 
  needed. 
  

  

  Crime 
  and 
  punishment. 
  — 
  Inca 
  law 
  severely 
  penalized 
  crimes 
  which 
  

   we 
  would 
  consider 
  minor, 
  on 
  the 
  principle 
  that 
  the 
  act 
  of 
  breaking 
  any 
  

   law 
  was 
  disobedience 
  to 
  the 
  Emperor, 
  and 
  hence 
  to 
  be 
  classed 
  with 
  

   treason 
  and 
  sacrilege. 
  The 
  usual 
  punishments 
  were 
  public 
  rebuke, 
  

   the 
  hiwaya, 
  exile 
  to 
  the 
  coca 
  plantations, 
  loss 
  of 
  office, 
  torture, 
  and 
  

   death. 
  The 
  hiwaya 
  consisted 
  in 
  dropping 
  a 
  stone 
  on 
  a 
  man's 
  back 
  

   from 
  a 
  height 
  of 
  nearly 
  3 
  feet, 
  often 
  killing 
  him. 
  Death 
  was 
  inflicted 
  

   by 
  stoning, 
  hanging 
  by 
  the 
  feet, 
  throwing 
  from 
  a 
  cliff, 
  or 
  simply 
  beating 
  

   the 
  head 
  in 
  with 
  a 
  club. 
  Imprisonment, 
  really 
  a 
  specialized 
  form 
  of 
  

   execution, 
  was 
  inflicted 
  only 
  for 
  the 
  worst 
  forms 
  of 
  treason. 
  The 
  

   prisoner 
  was 
  committed 
  to 
  a 
  subterranean 
  dungeon 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  filled 
  

   with 
  carnivorous 
  animals 
  and 
  snakes, 
  where 
  he 
  had 
  small 
  chance 
  of 
  

   surviving. 
  Accused 
  persons 
  awaiting 
  trial 
  were 
  held 
  under 
  guard. 
  

   Inca 
  law 
  distinguished 
  crimes 
  involving 
  nobles 
  from 
  those 
  concerning 
  

   the 
  common 
  people. 
  It 
  held 
  that 
  public 
  ridicule 
  and 
  loss 
  of 
  office 
  hurt 
  

   a 
  noble 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  exile 
  or 
  torture 
  would 
  a 
  poor 
  man, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  

   prestige 
  of 
  the 
  nobles 
  as 
  a 
  class 
  must 
  be 
  upheld. 
  The 
  latter 
  principle 
  

   might 
  impose 
  a 
  more 
  severe 
  penalty 
  on 
  a 
  noble: 
  adultery 
  among 
  com- 
  

   mon 
  people, 
  for 
  instance, 
  was 
  punished 
  with 
  torture, 
  but 
  if 
  the 
  woman 
  

   were 
  a 
  noble, 
  both 
  parties 
  were 
  executed. 
  

  

  In 
  judging 
  a 
  crime, 
  all 
  the 
  attendant 
  circumstances 
  were 
  taken 
  into 
  

   account. 
  For 
  instance, 
  the 
  punishment 
  for 
  murder 
  was 
  death, 
  except 
  

   when 
  it 
  was 
  committed 
  in 
  self-defense 
  or 
  against 
  an 
  adulterous 
  wife. 
  

   If 
  a 
  man 
  stole 
  food, 
  he 
  might 
  be 
  banished, 
  but 
  if 
  he 
  were 
  in 
  want, 
  he 
  

   was 
  simply 
  rebuked 
  for 
  laziness. 
  Punishment 
  for 
  causing 
  injuries 
  was 
  

   much 
  lighter 
  if 
  the 
  injury 
  were 
  proved 
  unintentional. 
  Crimes 
  against 
  

   the 
  Government 
  were 
  punished 
  with 
  special 
  severity. 
  Stealing 
  from 
  

   the 
  Imperial 
  fields, 
  burning 
  bridges, 
  and 
  breaking 
  into 
  convents 
  were 
  

   all 
  punishable 
  by 
  death. 
  Curacas 
  who 
  put 
  to 
  death 
  any 
  of 
  their 
  sub- 
  

   jects 
  without 
  official 
  permission, 
  regardless 
  of 
  the 
  cause, 
  received 
  the 
  

   hiwaya 
  penalty 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  offense 
  and 
  death 
  for 
  the 
  second. 
  In 
  

   general, 
  the 
  laws 
  were 
  severe 
  but 
  reasonable, 
  and 
  rigid 
  enforcement 
  

   combined 
  with 
  the 
  virtual 
  absence 
  of 
  want 
  made 
  crimes 
  extremely 
  rare. 
  

  

  The 
  inspectors, 
  whose 
  chief 
  task 
  was 
  to 
  bring 
  dishonest 
  officials 
  to 
  

   justice, 
  were 
  the 
  only 
  special 
  judicial 
  officers. 
  Enforcement, 
  trial, 
  and 
  

   punishment 
  were 
  carried 
  out 
  by 
  the 
  regular 
  administrative 
  officials 
  

   who 
  judged 
  cases 
  of 
  an 
  importance 
  relative 
  to 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  subjects 
  

   they 
  ruled. 
  The 
  death 
  penalty 
  was 
  supposed 
  to 
  be 
  imposed 
  only 
  by 
  

   the 
  Governor 
  or 
  the 
  Emperor 
  himself, 
  so 
  all 
  serious 
  cases 
  were 
  taken 
  

  

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