﻿272 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  to 
  them. 
  No 
  appeal 
  was 
  permitted. 
  Trials 
  were 
  conducted 
  in 
  the 
  

   presence 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  witnesses, 
  each 
  of 
  whom 
  gave 
  his 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  

   affair, 
  and 
  the 
  accused 
  was 
  given 
  an 
  opportunity 
  to 
  defend 
  himself. 
  

   Judgment 
  was 
  pronounced 
  immediately. 
  21 
  

  

  Organization 
  of 
  conquered 
  territory.— 
  The 
  steps 
  taken 
  to 
  organize 
  

   newly 
  conquered 
  territory 
  reveal 
  how 
  the 
  Inca 
  administration 
  func- 
  

   tioned. 
  When 
  the 
  generals 
  had 
  overcome 
  armed 
  resistance, 
  a 
  district 
  

   was 
  first 
  surveyed 
  and 
  a 
  census 
  taken. 
  The 
  survey 
  consisted 
  in 
  the 
  

   construction 
  of 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  relief 
  models 
  in 
  clay, 
  showing 
  mountains 
  

   and 
  valleys, 
  water 
  supply, 
  arable 
  land, 
  location 
  of 
  villages, 
  and 
  similar 
  

   features. 
  The 
  census 
  was 
  a 
  head-count 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  population 
  by 
  

   age 
  grades, 
  recorded 
  on 
  the 
  quipu. 
  Models 
  and 
  census 
  totals 
  accom- 
  

   panied 
  the 
  general's 
  report 
  to 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  were 
  studied 
  by 
  the 
  Emperor 
  

   and 
  his 
  advisers, 
  who 
  then 
  ordered 
  a 
  reorganization 
  of 
  the 
  population. 
  

   The 
  native 
  ayllus 
  were 
  moved 
  down 
  from 
  the 
  hilltop 
  fortresses 
  and 
  

   settled 
  in 
  the 
  plains 
  near 
  their 
  fields, 
  while 
  very 
  small 
  ayllus 
  and 
  scat- 
  

   tered 
  families 
  were 
  concentrated 
  in 
  new 
  villages. 
  A 
  provincial 
  capital 
  

   was 
  chosen, 
  usually 
  the 
  town 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  most 
  important 
  before 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  conquest, 
  and 
  the 
  necessary 
  administrative 
  and 
  ceremonial 
  

   buildings 
  were 
  erected. 
  Then 
  the 
  most 
  irreconcilable 
  elements 
  of 
  the 
  

   population 
  were 
  removed 
  bodily 
  to 
  some 
  distant 
  province 
  as 
  mitimaes, 
  

   while 
  a 
  corresponding 
  number 
  of 
  natives 
  was 
  brought 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  

   province 
  and 
  settled 
  in 
  the 
  new 
  one. 
  Often 
  several 
  small 
  population 
  

   exchanges 
  were 
  arranged 
  with 
  different 
  provinces. 
  The 
  old 
  chiefs 
  of 
  

   the 
  new 
  district 
  were 
  kept 
  on 
  in 
  office 
  and 
  incorporated 
  into 
  the 
  curaca 
  

   class 
  of 
  nobility 
  according 
  to 
  their 
  importance. 
  The 
  Emperor 
  made 
  

   them 
  presents 
  and 
  showed 
  them 
  as 
  much 
  favor 
  as 
  necessary 
  to 
  restore 
  

   their 
  prestige 
  with 
  their 
  people. 
  Their 
  sons 
  were 
  taken 
  as 
  hostages 
  

   to 
  Cuzco 
  to 
  be 
  taught 
  the 
  Inca 
  system. 
  An 
  Inca 
  governor 
  was 
  ap- 
  

   pointed, 
  and 
  vacancies 
  in 
  the 
  administration 
  filled 
  with 
  local 
  people 
  or 
  

   specialists 
  brought 
  in 
  from 
  older 
  provinces. 
  The 
  lands 
  and 
  flocks 
  

   were 
  divided 
  and 
  marked, 
  storehouses 
  were 
  built, 
  and 
  the 
  labor 
  taxes 
  

   introduced. 
  If 
  the 
  province 
  had 
  suffered 
  heavily 
  diiring 
  the 
  conquest 
  

   and 
  the 
  people 
  had 
  insufficient 
  food 
  and 
  clothing, 
  the 
  Government 
  

   distributed 
  these 
  things 
  from 
  its 
  surplus 
  in 
  other 
  provinces 
  until 
  the 
  

   losses 
  could 
  be 
  made 
  up. 
  

  

  All 
  Government 
  persons 
  were 
  ordered 
  to 
  learn 
  Quechua, 
  and 
  Inca 
  

   prestige 
  was 
  so 
  great 
  that 
  a 
  fair 
  proportion 
  of 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  even- 
  

   tually 
  acquired 
  it 
  as 
  a 
  second 
  language. 
  Inca 
  dress 
  was 
  introduced 
  

   where 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  used, 
  but 
  the 
  natives 
  were 
  ordered 
  to 
  continue 
  to 
  

   wear 
  their 
  local 
  headdresses 
  as 
  a 
  badge 
  of 
  tribal 
  affiliation. 
  The 
  

  

  21 
  The 
  three 
  most 
  detailed 
  accounts 
  of 
  Inca 
  justice 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  Cobo 
  (1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  ch. 
  26); 
  Poma 
  (1936, 
  

   pp. 
  182-193, 
  301-314); 
  and 
  Valera 
  (1879, 
  pp. 
  198-205). 
  Where 
  there 
  is 
  any 
  disagreement, 
  I 
  have 
  followed 
  Cobo. 
  

   All 
  three 
  authors 
  give 
  extensive 
  lists 
  of 
  Inca 
  laws 
  and 
  the 
  punishments 
  they 
  carried. 
  See 
  also 
  Garcilaso, 
  

   1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  13, 
  and 
  bk. 
  4, 
  chs. 
  11-15; 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  chs. 
  13, 
  23; 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1:101-102; 
  Pachacuti, 
  

   1879, 
  p. 
  267. 
  

  

  