﻿Vol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  273 
  

  

  ^ymara-speaking 
  Indians 
  wore 
  knitted 
  woolen 
  caps; 
  elsewhere, 
  a 
  

   sling 
  wound 
  around 
  the 
  head 
  or 
  some 
  equally 
  simple 
  ornament 
  was 
  

   the 
  rule. 
  The 
  most 
  sacred 
  huacas 
  (wak'a, 
  "shrine") 
  of 
  the 
  tribe 
  

   were 
  taken 
  to 
  Cuzco, 
  and 
  set 
  up 
  under 
  the 
  care 
  of 
  priests 
  sent 
  to 
  the 
  

   capital 
  for 
  the 
  purpose; 
  they 
  were 
  worshiped 
  when 
  a 
  provincial 
  

   delegation 
  visited 
  the 
  capital 
  for 
  any 
  reason. 
  The 
  huacas 
  served 
  as 
  

   additional 
  hostages, 
  and 
  also 
  gave 
  the 
  people 
  a 
  feeling 
  that 
  Cuzco 
  

   was 
  their 
  capital 
  and 
  not 
  just 
  an 
  Inca 
  city. 
  At 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  the 
  

   worship 
  of 
  Viracocha 
  (wiraqoca), 
  the 
  Sun, 
  the 
  Thunder, 
  and 
  other 
  

   Inca 
  divinities 
  was 
  introduced 
  into 
  the 
  new 
  province. 
  

  

  Inca 
  policy 
  thus 
  not 
  only 
  brought 
  efficient 
  administration 
  and 
  

   material 
  well-being 
  to 
  the 
  provinces, 
  but 
  unified 
  the 
  whole 
  Empire. 
  

   The 
  unification 
  was 
  so 
  carefully 
  done 
  that 
  local 
  nationalistic 
  feelings 
  

   were 
  not 
  aroused, 
  and 
  when 
  a 
  revolt 
  did 
  take 
  place, 
  the 
  tribes 
  were 
  

   so 
  scattered 
  that 
  it 
  could 
  hardly 
  acquire 
  the 
  force 
  of 
  a 
  national 
  

   movement. 
  One 
  short 
  century 
  of 
  Inca 
  rule 
  completely 
  altered 
  the 
  

   course 
  of 
  Andean 
  culture 
  history. 
  To 
  this 
  day, 
  Inca 
  provincial 
  

   boundaries 
  and 
  names 
  are 
  widely 
  used, 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  language 
  flour- 
  

   ishes, 
  while 
  even 
  the 
  memory 
  of 
  the 
  older 
  states 
  and 
  languages 
  has 
  

   vanished. 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  12, 
  chs. 
  23-24; 
  Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  

   ch. 
  24; 
  Garcilaso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  26; 
  Polo, 
  1916 
  b, 
  pp. 
  52-71.) 
  

  

  Nature 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Government. 
  — 
  The 
  Inca 
  Government 
  was 
  an 
  

   unqualified 
  despotism 
  deriving 
  its 
  power 
  in 
  theory 
  from 
  the 
  super- 
  

   natural 
  beings 
  that 
  watched 
  over 
  the 
  Emperor, 
  and 
  in 
  fact 
  from 
  the 
  

   military 
  force 
  which 
  he 
  controlled. 
  Its 
  paternalistic 
  concern 
  for 
  the 
  

   material 
  well-being 
  of 
  its 
  subjects 
  was 
  admitted 
  by 
  the 
  rulers 
  them- 
  

   selves 
  to 
  be 
  nothing 
  but 
  enlightened 
  self-interest, 
  for 
  they 
  realized 
  

   that 
  a 
  healthy, 
  happy 
  people 
  work 
  better 
  and 
  produce 
  more 
  than 
  one 
  

   suffering 
  from 
  want 
  and 
  injustice. 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  

   have 
  emphasized 
  the 
  contrast 
  between 
  Inca 
  policy 
  and 
  Spanish 
  

   Colonial 
  policy, 
  as 
  to 
  both 
  theory 
  and 
  practice. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  

   pointed 
  out 
  that 
  their 
  rule 
  brought 
  the 
  Indians 
  a 
  personal 
  freedom 
  

   in 
  determination 
  of 
  residence, 
  choice 
  of 
  wives, 
  control 
  of 
  their 
  chil- 
  

   dren, 
  and 
  acquisition 
  of 
  goods 
  which 
  they 
  had 
  never 
  had 
  under 
  the 
  

   Inca. 
  Actually, 
  the 
  Indians 
  found 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  only 
  exchanged 
  a 
  

   despotism 
  of 
  predictable 
  demands 
  and 
  justice 
  for 
  another 
  of 
  limitless 
  

   demands 
  and 
  justice 
  reserved 
  to 
  their 
  oppressors. 
  

  

  Whether 
  or 
  not 
  the 
  Inca 
  system 
  should 
  be 
  labeled 
  as 
  socialism 
  

   depends 
  entirely 
  on 
  the 
  definition 
  of 
  socialism. 
  Land 
  was 
  owned 
  by 
  

   the 
  state, 
  and 
  its 
  use 
  granted 
  to 
  families, 
  to 
  kinship 
  groups, 
  and 
  occa- 
  

   sionally 
  to 
  individuals. 
  Houses 
  and 
  movable 
  property 
  were 
  individ- 
  

   ually 
  owned, 
  subject 
  to 
  no 
  Government 
  levy, 
  and 
  could 
  be 
  accumu- 
  

   lated 
  without 
  other 
  theoretical 
  limitation 
  than 
  a 
  prohibition 
  against 
  

   the 
  use 
  of 
  luxury 
  goods. 
  The 
  Government 
  insured 
  the 
  individual 
  

   against 
  every 
  sort 
  of 
  want, 
  and, 
  in 
  return, 
  demanded 
  heavy 
  tribute 
  

  

  