﻿274 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  in 
  labor, 
  a 
  very 
  small 
  part 
  of 
  which 
  directly 
  benefited 
  the 
  people 
  

   who 
  paid 
  it. 
  22 
  

  

  WARFARE 
  

  

  Before 
  the 
  rise 
  of 
  Inca 
  power, 
  when 
  many 
  Andean 
  districts 
  were 
  

   split 
  up 
  into 
  hostile 
  villages, 
  warfare 
  was 
  merely 
  the 
  expression 
  of 
  

   individual 
  and 
  group 
  rivalries 
  over 
  good 
  land, 
  water 
  rights, 
  and 
  

   flocks, 
  or 
  consisted 
  of 
  raids 
  to 
  plunder, 
  avenge, 
  or 
  take 
  women. 
  War 
  

   parties 
  seemingly 
  were 
  informal 
  groups 
  led 
  by 
  interested 
  persons 
  or 
  

   by 
  warriors 
  of 
  proven 
  ability. 
  No 
  doubt 
  the 
  larger, 
  more 
  settled 
  

   states, 
  especially 
  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  had 
  formally 
  organized 
  armies 
  before 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  conquest, 
  but 
  their 
  existence 
  can 
  be 
  inferred 
  only 
  from 
  Inca 
  

   military 
  practice. 
  

  

  Motives 
  for 
  war. 
  — 
  It 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  determine 
  the 
  precise 
  causes 
  of 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  wars 
  and 
  the 
  exact 
  motives 
  for 
  their 
  tremendous 
  expansion. 
  

   Although 
  the 
  nobility 
  gained 
  more 
  revenues 
  and 
  service 
  from 
  a 
  suc- 
  

   cessful 
  conquest, 
  it 
  was 
  already 
  so 
  well 
  off 
  that 
  the 
  economic 
  motive 
  

   cannot 
  have 
  been 
  strong, 
  and 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  conquered 
  provinces 
  were 
  

   so 
  poor 
  that 
  at 
  first 
  they 
  were 
  economic 
  liabilities 
  rather 
  than 
  assets. 
  

   A 
  much 
  more 
  powerful 
  inducement 
  was 
  probably 
  glory 
  and 
  personal 
  

   advancement. 
  War 
  and 
  religion 
  were 
  the 
  two 
  fields 
  in 
  which 
  to 
  

   gratify 
  one's 
  ambitions, 
  and 
  generations 
  of 
  raiding 
  and 
  feuds 
  had 
  

   left 
  the 
  Andean 
  Indians 
  with 
  the 
  feeling 
  that 
  fighting 
  was 
  the 
  natural 
  

   and 
  proper 
  occupation 
  of 
  any 
  able-bodied 
  man. 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  conquests, 
  such 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Pacasa, 
  seemingly 
  were 
  intended 
  

   to 
  stop 
  outsiders 
  from 
  stirring 
  up 
  revolts, 
  while 
  others 
  were 
  planned 
  

   principally 
  to 
  keep 
  the 
  Inca 
  army 
  occupied 
  and 
  prevent 
  the 
  generals 
  

   from 
  plotting 
  against 
  the 
  succession. 
  A 
  large-scale 
  campaign 
  against 
  

   the 
  Pasto 
  or 
  Chiriguano, 
  launched 
  at 
  the 
  crucial 
  moment 
  after 
  Huayna 
  

   Capac's 
  death, 
  might 
  have 
  prevented 
  the 
  civil 
  war 
  between 
  Huascar 
  

   and 
  Atahuallpa 
  which 
  left 
  the 
  Empire 
  at 
  the 
  mercy 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  

   in 
  1532. 
  (Compare 
  Bram, 
  1941.) 
  

  

  Equipment. 
  — 
  By 
  European 
  standards, 
  the 
  Inca 
  army 
  was 
  lightly 
  

   armed, 
  but 
  it 
  must 
  have 
  seemed 
  formidable 
  to 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  Andean 
  

   states. 
  Its 
  greatest 
  weaknesses 
  were 
  lack 
  of 
  cavalry 
  and 
  siege 
  engines 
  

   and 
  loose 
  dicipline 
  on 
  the 
  battle 
  field. 
  Its 
  strength 
  lay 
  in 
  its 
  num- 
  

   bers, 
  superb 
  supply 
  system, 
  and 
  effective 
  close 
  and 
  long 
  range 
  weapons. 
  

   Prisoners 
  were 
  not 
  essential 
  sacrificial 
  victims, 
  so 
  that 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  

   special 
  incentive 
  to 
  take 
  the 
  enemy 
  alive. 
  Military 
  efficiency 
  in- 
  

   creased 
  with 
  the 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  Empire 
  and 
  might 
  have 
  improved 
  

   further 
  but 
  for 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  

  

  For 
  body 
  armor, 
  the 
  soldiers 
  wore 
  quilted 
  cotton 
  tunics, 
  or 
  wound 
  

   layers 
  of 
  cloth 
  around 
  their 
  bodies. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  soldiers 
  

  

  « 
  Readers 
  interested 
  in 
  theories 
  of 
  socialism 
  should 
  consult 
  Baudin 
  (1928 
  and 
  1942). 
  The 
  former 
  includes 
  

   a 
  superb 
  bibliography 
  and 
  can 
  be 
  used 
  profitably 
  as 
  a 
  guide 
  to 
  the 
  mass 
  of 
  modern 
  writings 
  in 
  French, 
  Ger- 
  

   man, 
  and 
  Spanish 
  which 
  treat 
  the 
  question 
  of 
  Inca 
  "socialism." 
  

  

  