﻿276 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  A 
  favorite 
  device 
  of 
  Indians 
  defending 
  a 
  hill 
  fort 
  or 
  a 
  mountain 
  pass 
  

   was 
  to 
  roll 
  large 
  boulders 
  down 
  on 
  the 
  advancing 
  enemy 
  (fig. 
  23, 
  c), 
  a 
  

   trick 
  which 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  found 
  very 
  disconcerting. 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  

   bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  9; 
  X6rez, 
  1917, 
  pp. 
  63-64; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  155, 
  157, 
  161, 
  

   167; 
  Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  22; 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  6.) 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  fought 
  hand 
  to 
  hand 
  with 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  clubs 
  and 
  spears. 
  

   The 
  favorite 
  weapon 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  proper 
  was 
  a 
  club 
  with 
  a 
  circular 
  

   stone, 
  copper, 
  gold, 
  or 
  silver 
  head 
  with 
  six 
  formidable 
  projecting 
  

   points. 
  This 
  kind 
  of 
  head, 
  common 
  in 
  museum 
  collections, 
  is 
  often 
  

   called 
  the 
  "star-headed 
  mace." 
  The 
  shafts 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  averaged 
  

   3 
  feet 
  (1 
  m.) 
  long. 
  Equally 
  formidable 
  was 
  the 
  macana 
  (maqana) 
  

   (fig. 
  29, 
  a), 
  a 
  sword-shaped, 
  double-edged 
  war 
  club, 
  made 
  of 
  hard 
  

   black 
  chonta-palm 
  wood, 
  about 
  4 
  feet 
  (1.2 
  m.) 
  long, 
  4 
  inches 
  (10 
  cm.) 
  

   wide 
  and 
  tapering 
  toward 
  the 
  handgrip. 
  The 
  hilt 
  was 
  rounded, 
  and 
  

   ended 
  in 
  a 
  knob 
  or 
  pommel. 
  Various 
  kinds 
  of 
  battle 
  axes 
  and 
  hal- 
  

   berds 
  were 
  also 
  used, 
  having 
  shafts 
  of 
  varying 
  length 
  and 
  stone 
  or 
  

   bronze 
  heads. 
  The 
  ax-heads 
  were 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  Andean 
  type 
  with 
  

   two 
  ears 
  on 
  the 
  back 
  for 
  hafting; 
  the 
  halberd 
  heads 
  had 
  an 
  ax 
  blade 
  

   on 
  one 
  side 
  and 
  the 
  projections 
  of 
  the 
  star-headed 
  mace 
  head 
  on 
  the 
  

   others, 
  or 
  combined 
  a 
  blade 
  and 
  several 
  sharp 
  hooks 
  similar 
  to 
  the 
  

   heads 
  of 
  European 
  halberds. 
  The 
  spears 
  were 
  long 
  poles 
  with 
  fire- 
  

   hardened 
  points 
  or 
  copper 
  or 
  bronze 
  tips. 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  Mortia, 
  

   1922-25, 
  and 
  X6rez, 
  1917; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  100, 
  149, 
  151, 
  163, 
  165, 
  

   194.) 
  

  

  Soldiers 
  wore 
  the 
  regular 
  Andean 
  costume 
  except 
  for 
  the 
  cloak. 
  

   The 
  headdress 
  was 
  replaced 
  by 
  a 
  helmet, 
  often 
  ornamented 
  by 
  fringes 
  

   running 
  across 
  the 
  top 
  from 
  ear 
  to 
  ear. 
  Fringes 
  were 
  also 
  worn 
  below 
  

   the 
  knees 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  ankles. 
  Nearly 
  all 
  soldiers 
  wore 
  round 
  metal 
  

   plates, 
  about 
  6 
  inches 
  (15 
  cm.) 
  in 
  diameter, 
  as 
  chest 
  and 
  back 
  orna- 
  

   ments. 
  The 
  plates 
  (*canipu) 
  were 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  military 
  decoration, 
  the 
  

   metal 
  indicating 
  the 
  wearer's 
  prowess; 
  copper 
  was 
  the 
  lowest 
  award, 
  

   gold 
  the 
  highest. 
  Some 
  soldiers 
  painted 
  their 
  faces 
  to 
  frighten 
  the 
  

   enemy, 
  but 
  this 
  practice 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  rare. 
  Inca 
  soldiers 
  are 
  

   often 
  contrasted 
  with 
  forest 
  Indians 
  by 
  their 
  lack 
  of 
  face 
  paint, 
  

   especially 
  in 
  battle 
  scenes 
  on 
  16th-century 
  lacquered 
  wooden 
  cups. 
  24 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  were 
  much 
  addicted 
  to 
  martial 
  music: 
  songs 
  insulting 
  to 
  

   the 
  enemy, 
  the 
  noise 
  of 
  small 
  tambourines 
  (probably 
  skin-covered), 
  

   single-note 
  shell 
  and 
  clay 
  trumpets, 
  and 
  bone 
  flutes 
  (Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  

   bk.2,ch. 
  1). 
  

  

  Each 
  squadron 
  had 
  its 
  standard, 
  a 
  small 
  square 
  banner 
  about 
  8 
  

   inches 
  (20 
  cm.)f 
  across," 
  with 
  the 
  free 
  vertical 
  edge 
  cut 
  zigzag, 
  and 
  

   painted 
  with 
  the 
  squadron 
  device. 
  These 
  banners, 
  perfectly 
  stiff 
  

  

  u 
  Poma, 
  1936,-pp. 
  157, 
  161; 
  Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  6. 
  Mortia 
  adds 
  that 
  a 
  soldier 
  who 
  killed 
  an 
  enemy 
  

   painted 
  one 
  arm; 
  when 
  he 
  killed 
  a 
  second, 
  he 
  painted 
  his 
  chest; 
  and 
  for 
  the 
  third, 
  drew 
  a 
  black 
  mark 
  across 
  

   bis 
  face 
  between 
  the 
  ears 
  (1922-25, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  7). 
  

  

  