﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  279 
  

  

  Pachacuti 
  after 
  his 
  victory 
  over 
  the 
  Chanca. 
  Many 
  other 
  impressive 
  

   defense 
  works 
  are 
  scattered 
  throughout 
  the 
  Andean 
  area. 
  The 
  forts 
  

   of 
  Parmunca 
  and 
  Huarco 
  on 
  the 
  coast 
  are 
  famous, 
  and 
  less 
  well- 
  

   known 
  Highland 
  forts, 
  like 
  Huata, 
  Mallajasi, 
  and 
  the 
  little 
  ones 
  

   above 
  Ollantaytambo, 
  are 
  almost 
  equally 
  impressive 
  from 
  a 
  military 
  

   point 
  of 
  view. 
  (See 
  Squier, 
  1877, 
  pp. 
  493, 
  499; 
  Howe, 
  1944; 
  Means, 
  

   1931, 
  fig. 
  130.) 
  

  

  The 
  greatest 
  pitched 
  battle 
  ever 
  fought 
  by 
  Inca 
  armies 
  before 
  

   Pizarro's 
  arrival 
  was 
  probably 
  Huascar's 
  last 
  stand 
  on 
  the 
  Apurimac 
  

   against 
  Atahuallpa's 
  great 
  generals, 
  Quisquis 
  and 
  Challcuchima. 
  

   The 
  superior 
  tactical 
  skill 
  of 
  Atahuallpa's 
  men 
  brought 
  overwhelming 
  

   victory 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  inferior 
  numbers. 
  Both 
  armies 
  used 
  such 
  tricks 
  

   as 
  burning 
  the 
  grass 
  to 
  drive 
  the 
  enemy 
  out 
  of 
  a 
  strong 
  position, 
  

   ambush 
  in 
  a 
  ravine, 
  and 
  dawn 
  attack 
  against 
  a 
  force 
  which 
  believed 
  

   itself 
  secure. 
  (See 
  Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  chs. 
  64-65, 
  and 
  Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  

   pp. 
  318-321.) 
  Cieza 
  credits 
  Inca 
  Viracocha 
  with 
  heating 
  a 
  sling- 
  

   stone 
  red 
  hot 
  and 
  hurling 
  it 
  across 
  the 
  Urubamba 
  River 
  to 
  set 
  fire 
  to 
  the 
  

   thatched 
  roofs 
  of 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  Caytomarca 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  39). 
  

  

  Prisoners, 
  trophies, 
  and 
  honors. 
  — 
  The 
  Inca 
  took 
  both 
  prisoners 
  

   and 
  trophies. 
  Captives 
  were 
  brought 
  to 
  Cuzco, 
  where 
  a 
  few 
  were 
  

   sacrificed 
  in 
  thanksgiving 
  for 
  victory. 
  After 
  a 
  particularly 
  notable 
  

   victory, 
  the 
  captives 
  were 
  led 
  in 
  triumphal 
  procession 
  through 
  the 
  

   streets 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  and 
  the 
  Emperor 
  trod 
  upon 
  their 
  necks 
  in 
  the 
  temple 
  

   of 
  the 
  Sun 
  as 
  a 
  symbol 
  of 
  his 
  power 
  over 
  them. 
  Especially 
  dangerous 
  

   leaders 
  were 
  killed, 
  usually 
  by 
  imprisonment 
  in 
  the 
  dungeon 
  of 
  ser- 
  

   pents 
  (see 
  p. 
  271), 
  but 
  most 
  prisoners 
  were 
  sent 
  home 
  and 
  treated 
  as 
  

   ordinary 
  subjects. 
  (Sarmiento, 
  1906, 
  ch. 
  33;Betanzos, 
  1880, 
  ch. 
  1; 
  

   Cabello, 
  ms., 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  14.) 
  The 
  heads 
  of 
  important 
  enemies 
  killed 
  

   in 
  battle 
  were 
  taken 
  as 
  trophies, 
  and 
  fitted 
  with 
  a 
  metal 
  cup 
  in 
  the 
  

   crown, 
  drained 
  through 
  the 
  mouth 
  by 
  a 
  tube. 
  The 
  victor 
  drank 
  

   chicha 
  from 
  the 
  trophy 
  cup 
  to 
  recall 
  the 
  victory. 
  One 
  such 
  head 
  was 
  

   shown 
  to 
  Pizarro's 
  men 
  by 
  Atahuallpa 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  153, 
  194; 
  

   Anonymous 
  Conqueror, 
  1929, 
  f. 
  5). 
  

  

  A 
  more 
  elaborate 
  trophy 
  was 
  made 
  by 
  stuffing 
  the 
  enemy's 
  skin 
  

   with 
  straw 
  or 
  ashes, 
  and 
  constructing 
  a 
  drum 
  in 
  the 
  stomach, 
  the 
  

   skin 
  of 
  which 
  served 
  as 
  the 
  drumhead. 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  46; 
  

   Anonymous 
  Discurso, 
  1906, 
  p. 
  154; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  334.) 
  It 
  seems 
  

   likely 
  that 
  ordinary 
  small 
  war 
  drums 
  were 
  also 
  covered 
  with 
  human 
  

   skin. 
  The 
  chroniclers 
  usually 
  referred 
  to 
  this 
  treatment 
  in 
  a 
  phrase 
  

   such 
  as, 
  "He 
  conquered 
  him 
  and 
  made 
  a 
  drum 
  of 
  him." 
  Inca 
  soldiers 
  

   generally 
  made 
  their 
  flutes 
  of 
  an 
  enemy's 
  shin-bone 
  (Means, 
  1931, 
  p. 
  

   436). 
  Warriors 
  often 
  made 
  necklaces 
  of 
  enemies' 
  teeth 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  2). 
  

  

  The 
  elaborate 
  Inca 
  system 
  of 
  military 
  honors 
  and 
  rewards 
  depended 
  

   to 
  such 
  an 
  extent 
  on 
  individual 
  ability 
  that 
  military 
  prowess 
  was 
  the 
  

  

  