﻿Vol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  281 
  

  

  "as 
  the 
  hearts 
  of 
  these 
  animals 
  faint, 
  so 
  may 
  those 
  of 
  our 
  adversaries." 
  

   Each 
  llama 
  heart 
  was 
  inspected 
  to 
  see 
  if 
  a 
  lump 
  of 
  flesh 
  near 
  it 
  had 
  

   been 
  coDsumed 
  in 
  the 
  animal's 
  enforced 
  fast; 
  if 
  not, 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  bad 
  sign. 
  

   They 
  also 
  sacrificed 
  black 
  dogs, 
  threw 
  them 
  on 
  a 
  flat 
  place, 
  and 
  made 
  

   certain 
  people 
  eat 
  the 
  meat. 
  The 
  same 
  ceremony 
  was 
  used 
  when 
  it 
  

   was 
  feared 
  that 
  the 
  Emperor 
  would 
  be 
  attacked 
  with 
  poison. 
  The 
  

   participants 
  fasted 
  all 
  day, 
  and 
  feasted 
  at 
  night. 
  (Polo, 
  1916 
  a, 
  bk. 
  

   14, 
  ch. 
  2; 
  Acosta, 
  1940, 
  bk. 
  5, 
  ch. 
  18; 
  Moriia, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  53; 
  

   Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  ch. 
  22.) 
  

  

  In 
  warfare, 
  as 
  in 
  all 
  other 
  activities, 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  entirely 
  depend- 
  

   ent 
  on 
  divination, 
  no 
  move 
  being 
  made 
  without 
  favorable 
  auguries. 
  

   During 
  the 
  war 
  between 
  Huascar 
  and 
  Atahuallpa, 
  both 
  sides 
  consulted 
  

   such 
  famous 
  oracles 
  as 
  Pachacamac 
  and 
  made 
  immense 
  sacrifices 
  to 
  

   gain 
  the 
  favor 
  of 
  the 
  gods. 
  During 
  the 
  siege 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  by 
  Inca 
  Manco, 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  army 
  attacked 
  repeatedly 
  at 
  the 
  new 
  moon, 
  believing 
  that 
  

   to 
  be 
  the 
  luckiest 
  time. 
  (See 
  p. 
  383.) 
  

  

  Victory 
  was 
  usually 
  attributed 
  to 
  divine 
  aid. 
  During 
  the 
  defense 
  

   of 
  Cuzco 
  against 
  the 
  Chanca, 
  Pachacuti 
  cried 
  out 
  that 
  even 
  the 
  stones 
  

   were 
  turning 
  to 
  men 
  to 
  help 
  the 
  Inca, 
  and 
  after 
  the 
  battle 
  he 
  pointed 
  

   out 
  a 
  large 
  number 
  of 
  loose 
  stones 
  on 
  the 
  battlefield 
  which 
  had 
  done 
  

   so. 
  These 
  stones 
  were 
  reverently 
  collected 
  and 
  distributed 
  around 
  

   Cuzco 
  as 
  shrines 
  (Acosta, 
  1940, 
  bk. 
  6, 
  ch. 
  21; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  

   ch. 
  8). 
  Certain 
  images, 
  especially 
  those 
  representing 
  tribal 
  ances- 
  

   tors, 
  were 
  regularly 
  carried 
  into 
  battle 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  and 
  their 
  neighbors. 
  

   The 
  Inca 
  usually 
  carried 
  the 
  stones 
  representing 
  Manco 
  Capac 
  and 
  

   Huanacauri. 
  The 
  presence 
  of 
  such 
  images 
  undoubtedly 
  aided 
  morale, 
  

   and 
  provided 
  rallying 
  points 
  of 
  great 
  emotional 
  value. 
  The 
  Inca 
  

   leaders 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  believed 
  that 
  Viracocha, 
  the 
  Creator, 
  was 
  the 
  

   ultimate 
  giver 
  of 
  victory, 
  but 
  the 
  soldiers 
  probably 
  attributed 
  it 
  to 
  

   the 
  images 
  they 
  carried 
  (Pachacuti, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  305-6). 
  

  

  Diplomacy. 
  — 
  The 
  Inca 
  made 
  shrewd 
  use 
  of 
  diplomacy 
  in 
  their 
  

   campaigns. 
  When 
  they 
  had 
  decided 
  to 
  expand 
  in 
  a 
  certain 
  direction, 
  

   they 
  first 
  sent 
  envoys 
  to 
  the 
  threatened 
  tribes 
  to 
  invite 
  them 
  to 
  submit 
  

   peacefully. 
  The 
  envoys 
  explained 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  had 
  a 
  divine 
  mission 
  

   to 
  spread 
  the 
  true 
  religion 
  and 
  that 
  they 
  were 
  the 
  great 
  champions 
  

   of 
  civilization. 
  Privileges 
  and 
  immunities 
  were 
  offered 
  for 
  willing 
  

   submission 
  and 
  the 
  overwhelming 
  power 
  of 
  the 
  Empire 
  was 
  empha- 
  

   sized. 
  The 
  notable 
  success 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Government 
  in 
  bringing 
  

   greater 
  prosperity 
  to 
  its 
  subjects, 
  and 
  the 
  privilege 
  accorded 
  to 
  

   local 
  rulers 
  of 
  holding 
  hereditary 
  positions 
  at 
  least 
  equaling 
  their 
  

   rank 
  as 
  independent 
  chiefs 
  were 
  weighty 
  arguments 
  in 
  behalf 
  of 
  sub- 
  

   mission. 
  A 
  small 
  tribe 
  at 
  odds 
  with 
  most 
  of 
  its 
  neighbors 
  had 
  little 
  

   chance 
  of 
  successful 
  resistance 
  to 
  the 
  Inca 
  power. 
  As 
  a 
  result, 
  a 
  

   great 
  many 
  tribes 
  accepted 
  the 
  offer, 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  army 
  marched 
  in 
  

  

  