﻿Vol.2] 
  INC 
  A 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  HOWE 
  289 
  

  

  mentions 
  another, 
  supposedly 
  difficult 
  game 
  called 
  awqay, 
  in 
  which 
  a 
  

   board 
  was 
  used. 
  The 
  beans 
  were 
  moved 
  in 
  this 
  game, 
  and 
  the 
  scoring 
  

   was 
  with 
  the 
  picqana 
  (Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  13). 
  No 
  gaming 
  

   boards 
  have 
  yet 
  been 
  identified 
  in 
  the 
  archeological 
  collections 
  from 
  

   the 
  Cuzco 
  region. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  games 
  may 
  still 
  survive 
  among 
  the 
  

   Indians. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  gambled 
  lightly 
  on 
  games 
  of 
  skill 
  and 
  chance, 
  betting 
  such 
  

   things 
  as 
  clothing, 
  llamas, 
  and 
  guinea 
  pigs, 
  but 
  amusement 
  rather 
  than 
  

   winnings 
  was 
  the 
  main 
  purpose 
  of 
  their 
  games. 
  This 
  attitude 
  toward 
  

   games 
  was 
  well 
  exemplified 
  by 
  Atahuallpa 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest. 
  

   (See 
  The 
  Neo-Jnca 
  State, 
  this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  343. 
  Also, 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  

   bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17; 
  Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  25.) 
  

  

  Music— 
  A 
  number 
  of 
  studies 
  of 
  Andean 
  music 
  have 
  been 
  made 
  in 
  

   modern 
  times 
  (cf. 
  especially 
  d'Harcourt, 
  1925; 
  Mead, 
  1924), 
  but 
  all 
  

   are 
  unsatisfactory 
  because 
  they 
  rather 
  arbitrarily 
  combine 
  data 
  from 
  

   widely 
  separated 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  and 
  from 
  different 
  historical 
  periods. 
  

   Nearly 
  all 
  the 
  archeological 
  musical 
  instruments 
  studied 
  are 
  from 
  

   graves 
  on 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Coast, 
  while 
  the 
  modern 
  instruments 
  are 
  from 
  

   the 
  Highlands 
  of 
  Ecuador, 
  southern 
  Peru, 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  The 
  informa- 
  

   tion 
  supplied 
  by 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  is 
  meager, 
  but 
  it 
  applies 
  chiefly 
  to 
  

   Cuzco 
  and 
  the 
  Aymara-speaking 
  region 
  around 
  Lake 
  Titicaca. 
  The 
  

   d'Harcourts 
  had 
  the 
  excellent 
  idea 
  of 
  collecting 
  modern 
  songs 
  and 
  look- 
  

   ing 
  for 
  survivals 
  of 
  ancient 
  musical 
  practice 
  in 
  them, 
  but 
  of 
  the 
  204 
  

   songs 
  in 
  their 
  monumental 
  collection, 
  one 
  was 
  recorded 
  here, 
  two 
  there 
  

   all 
  through 
  the 
  Andean 
  countries, 
  and 
  no 
  one 
  region 
  was 
  studied 
  suf- 
  

   ficiently 
  closely 
  to 
  control 
  the 
  survey. 
  Another 
  draw-back 
  to 
  the 
  

   collection 
  is 
  that 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  songs 
  were 
  recorded 
  from 
  renderings 
  by 
  

   local 
  Mestizo 
  song 
  collectors 
  and 
  not 
  directly 
  from 
  the 
  Indians. 
  Con- 
  

   sequently, 
  further 
  detailed 
  studies 
  of 
  native 
  music 
  are 
  urgently 
  needed. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  made 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  percussion 
  and 
  wind 
  instruments, 
  none 
  

   very 
  complicated. 
  No 
  examples 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  have 
  survived, 
  but 
  the 
  

   use 
  of 
  some 
  is 
  illustrated 
  by 
  Poma, 
  and 
  similar 
  ones 
  are 
  abundant 
  in 
  

   archeological 
  collections 
  from 
  the 
  coast, 
  of 
  which 
  good 
  representative 
  

   pieces 
  are 
  illustrated 
  by 
  d'Harcourt. 
  The 
  following 
  can 
  be 
  identified: 
  

  

  The 
  notched 
  end-flute, 
  quena 
  (qina 
  or 
  qina-qina), 
  made 
  usually 
  of 
  

   a 
  joint 
  of 
  cane 
  (Cecropia 
  sp.), 
  open 
  at 
  both 
  ends. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  

   fingerholds 
  (stops) 
  varies: 
  modern 
  ones 
  generally 
  have 
  six 
  holes 
  on 
  the 
  

   front 
  and 
  a 
  thumb 
  hole. 
  The 
  mouth 
  end 
  is 
  notched, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  

   separate 
  reed 
  or 
  whistle 
  mouthpiece 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

  

  A 
  small 
  bone 
  quena 
  (piroro) 
  (Gonzalez, 
  1608). 
  Fragments 
  of 
  a 
  

   bone 
  flute 
  about 
  % 
  inch 
  (12 
  mm.) 
  in 
  diameter 
  are 
  on 
  exhibition 
  in 
  the 
  

   University 
  Museum 
  at 
  Cuzco. 
  

  

  A 
  small 
  plug-flute 
  has 
  three 
  or 
  fourfinger 
  holes 
  (piStkolyo) 
  (Gonza- 
  

   lez, 
  1608; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

  

  The 
  panpipes 
  or 
  syrinx 
  (*antara 
  or 
  *ayarichic) 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  joints 
  of 
  

  

  