﻿290 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  cane 
  graded 
  in 
  length 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  They 
  are 
  not 
  

   now 
  played 
  in 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  region, 
  but 
  are 
  known 
  there 
  as 
  a 
  typical 
  

   Ay 
  mar 
  a 
  instrument. 
  D'Har 
  court 
  illustrates 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  ancient 
  

   examples 
  of 
  cane 
  or 
  pottery 
  (1925, 
  pis. 
  15-22). 
  

  

  A 
  single-note 
  trumpet 
  made 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  sea 
  shell 
  (pototo) 
  was 
  used 
  

   as 
  a 
  war 
  trumpet 
  by 
  the 
  Inca, 
  and 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  a 
  ritual 
  instrument, 
  blown 
  

   at 
  certain 
  points 
  in 
  the 
  Mass, 
  by 
  the 
  modern 
  Quechua. 
  

  

  A 
  gourd 
  trumpet 
  (waylya-kipa) 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

   The 
  Inca 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  used 
  no 
  clay 
  trumpets, 
  though 
  magnificent 
  

   specimens 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  older 
  graves. 
  (Chavin, 
  Mochica, 
  

   Kecuay, 
  Nazca, 
  Pucara, 
  and 
  Chiripa. 
  See 
  d'Harcourt, 
  1925, 
  pis. 
  

   10-13.) 
  Wooden 
  trumpets 
  are 
  also 
  known 
  from 
  the 
  Coast 
  (d'Har- 
  

   court, 
  1925, 
  pi. 
  13). 
  

  

  Drums 
  made 
  of 
  a 
  hollow 
  log 
  with 
  two 
  heads 
  of 
  llama 
  hide 
  (*huancar) 
  

   and 
  often 
  painted. 
  These 
  varied 
  from 
  long 
  war 
  drums, 
  about 
  20 
  

   inches 
  (50 
  cm.) 
  in 
  diameter, 
  to 
  very 
  small 
  festival 
  drums. 
  They 
  were 
  

   played 
  with 
  a 
  single 
  drumstick 
  by 
  men 
  and 
  women 
  drummers. 
  In 
  

   some 
  dances, 
  each 
  performer 
  carried 
  his 
  own 
  drum. 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  

   bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17; 
  Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  320, 
  324; 
  Gonzalez, 
  1608.) 
  

  

  A 
  small 
  drum 
  or 
  tambourine 
  used 
  in 
  dances 
  (ti#ya) 
  (Gonzalez, 
  1 
  608). 
  

  

  Small 
  copper 
  or 
  silver 
  bells 
  (*chanrara). 
  (See 
  Bingham, 
  1915 
  b, 
  

   p. 
  184; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17.) 
  

  

  Snail-shell 
  rattles 
  (*churu), 
  used 
  for 
  anklets 
  in 
  dances. 
  Certain 
  

   pods 
  from 
  the 
  eastern 
  forests 
  called 
  *zacapa 
  were 
  also 
  used 
  for 
  this 
  

   purpose 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  14, 
  ch. 
  17). 
  

  

  The 
  quena 
  or 
  end-flute 
  was 
  and 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  musical 
  instrument 
  of 
  

   general 
  popular 
  use. 
  Trumpets, 
  big 
  drums, 
  and 
  bone 
  flutes 
  were 
  

   used 
  principally 
  in 
  war, 
  and 
  small 
  drums, 
  bells, 
  and 
  rattles 
  in 
  festivals. 
  

   The 
  quena 
  was 
  used 
  especially 
  to 
  play 
  love 
  songs, 
  a 
  use 
  to 
  which 
  its 
  

   haunting, 
  vibrant 
  tone 
  makes 
  it 
  admirably 
  suited 
  (Garcilaso, 
  1723, 
  

   pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  26). 
  

  

  Little 
  can 
  be 
  said 
  about 
  Inca 
  music 
  except 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  used 
  for 
  

   religious 
  chants 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  for 
  love 
  songs 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  315-317). 
  

   The 
  d'Harcourts 
  thought 
  they 
  could 
  isolate 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  tunes 
  in 
  their 
  

   collection 
  composed 
  on 
  a 
  pentatonic 
  scale 
  and 
  seemingly 
  very 
  Indian 
  

   in 
  character, 
  which, 
  they 
  suggest, 
  represent 
  a 
  type 
  of 
  music 
  which 
  

   has 
  survived 
  from 
  ancient 
  times 
  (1925, 
  pp. 
  131-178). 
  It 
  would 
  be 
  

   highly 
  desirable 
  to 
  check 
  their 
  material 
  with 
  more 
  collected 
  in 
  the 
  

   Cuzco 
  region. 
  

  

  Dances. 
  — 
  An 
  important 
  element 
  of 
  all 
  Inca 
  public 
  worship 
  was 
  

   dancing 
  (see 
  p. 
  308). 
  The 
  steps 
  were 
  usually 
  accompanied 
  by 
  songs 
  

   or 
  chants 
  and 
  drumming 
  by 
  the 
  dancers 
  or 
  by 
  specially 
  appointed 
  

   drummers. 
  The 
  usual 
  name 
  for 
  a 
  ritual 
  dance 
  was 
  taki, 
  which 
  also 
  

   means 
  singing. 
  Dance 
  costumes 
  Were 
  very 
  elaborate 
  and 
  included 
  

   masks 
  (fig. 
  25, 
  a) 
  and 
  animal 
  skins 
  as 
  well 
  as. 
  special 
  garments 
  of 
  

  

  