﻿292 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  the 
  use 
  of 
  coca 
  spread 
  to 
  all 
  classes 
  of 
  Inca 
  society. 
  Coca 
  leaves 
  were 
  

   picked 
  four 
  times 
  every 
  14 
  months, 
  and 
  then 
  carefully 
  dried 
  and 
  

   packed 
  in 
  bundles 
  weighing 
  about 
  18 
  pounds 
  net 
  for 
  shipment 
  by 
  llama 
  

   train 
  to 
  the 
  Highlands. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  used 
  coca 
  leaves 
  for 
  divining 
  and 
  sacrifice, 
  and 
  chewed 
  

   them 
  with 
  lime 
  to 
  absorb 
  a 
  small 
  amount 
  of 
  cocaine. 
  The 
  lime 
  was 
  

   made 
  by 
  burning 
  quinoa 
  stalks, 
  bones, 
  limestone, 
  or 
  sea 
  shells. 
  The 
  

   Indians 
  made 
  a 
  quid 
  of 
  leaves 
  and 
  lime 
  about 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  a 
  walnut 
  and 
  

   held 
  it 
  in 
  their 
  cheek, 
  swallowing 
  only 
  the 
  juice. 
  The 
  amount 
  of 
  

   cocaine 
  liberated 
  from 
  a 
  quid 
  is 
  minute 
  and 
  its 
  only 
  effect 
  is 
  to 
  dull 
  the 
  

   senses 
  slightly, 
  making 
  the 
  chewer 
  less 
  hungry, 
  thirsty, 
  and 
  tired. 
  

   Coca 
  chewing 
  was 
  believed 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  good 
  for 
  the 
  teeth 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  bk. 
  5, 
  ch. 
  29). 
  26 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  did 
  not 
  cultivate 
  tobacco 
  (sayri), 
  but 
  used 
  several 
  wild 
  

   varieties 
  native 
  to 
  the 
  Andes. 
  They 
  powdered 
  the 
  root 
  as 
  a 
  medicine, 
  

   and 
  the 
  plant 
  was 
  believed 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  charm 
  against 
  poisonous 
  animals 
  

   and 
  snakes. 
  Tobacco 
  was 
  also 
  taken 
  as 
  snuff 
  (Garcilaso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  

   bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  25). 
  Smoking 
  is 
  not 
  mentioned 
  as 
  an 
  ancient 
  practice 
  by 
  any 
  

   chronicler, 
  but 
  pottery 
  objects 
  resembling 
  elbow 
  pipes 
  have 
  turned 
  up 
  

   occasionally 
  in 
  archeological 
  collections 
  (Bandelier, 
  1910, 
  pi. 
  77). 
  

  

  Wil'ka 
  is 
  a 
  tree 
  (Piptadenia 
  colubrina) 
  which 
  produces 
  pods 
  con- 
  

   taining 
  bitter 
  yellow 
  seeds. 
  The 
  seeds 
  were 
  taken 
  in 
  chicha 
  as 
  a 
  

   purge, 
  and 
  boiled 
  to 
  make 
  a 
  medicinal 
  tea. 
  Polo 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  sor- 
  

   cerers 
  who 
  communicated 
  with 
  the 
  gods 
  by 
  visions 
  got 
  drunk 
  on 
  

   chicha 
  with 
  wil'ka 
  seeds 
  in 
  it, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  clear 
  whether 
  the 
  seeds 
  

   helped 
  produce 
  visions, 
  or 
  were 
  taken 
  only 
  for 
  their 
  purgative 
  qual- 
  

   ities. 
  Gonzalez 
  gives 
  "xeringar 
  villcani" 
  (1608, 
  p. 
  330). 
  This 
  trans- 
  

   lation 
  suggests 
  that 
  wil'ka 
  was 
  used 
  also 
  as 
  an 
  enema 
  with 
  a 
  syringe 
  

   of 
  some 
  sort, 
  and 
  the 
  deduction 
  is 
  confirmed 
  by 
  Poma 
  (1936, 
  p. 
  71). 
  

  

  Intoxicants. 
  — 
  The 
  Inca 
  made 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  fermented 
  drinks 
  or 
  chicha 
  

   (aqha) 
  from 
  different 
  cultivated 
  plants 
  — 
  maize, 
  quinoa, 
  ocas, 
  and 
  

   molle 
  berries 
  — 
  but 
  had 
  no 
  distilled 
  liquor. 
  Chicha 
  was 
  made 
  by 
  women, 
  

   who 
  chewed 
  the 
  pulp 
  of 
  the 
  fruit 
  used, 
  and 
  spat 
  the 
  mash 
  out 
  into 
  jars 
  

   of 
  warm 
  water. 
  The 
  liquid 
  was 
  then 
  allowed 
  to 
  ferment 
  to 
  the 
  de- 
  

   sired 
  strength. 
  The 
  strongest 
  chicha 
  was 
  made 
  from 
  molle 
  berries. 
  

  

  Chicha 
  was 
  the 
  everyday 
  Indian 
  beverage, 
  and 
  was 
  also 
  an 
  im- 
  

   portant 
  element 
  in 
  all 
  ceremonies, 
  being 
  served 
  in 
  enormous 
  quan- 
  

   tities 
  during 
  ritual 
  dances, 
  when 
  all 
  the 
  participants 
  were 
  supposed 
  to 
  

   drink 
  until 
  they 
  dropped. 
  To 
  the 
  Inca, 
  intoxication 
  was 
  a 
  religious 
  

   act, 
  not 
  an 
  individual 
  vice. 
  Indians 
  did 
  not 
  drink 
  to 
  excess 
  except 
  at 
  

   the 
  prescribed 
  point 
  in 
  their 
  regular 
  ceremonies. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   missionary 
  tirades 
  against 
  Indian 
  drunkenness 
  stem 
  from 
  a 
  realization 
  

   that 
  group 
  intoxication 
  was 
  a 
  pagan 
  ritual 
  and 
  are 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  campaign 
  

   against 
  idolatry 
  rather 
  than 
  against 
  the 
  abuse 
  of 
  alcohol 
  as 
  such. 
  In- 
  

  

  » 
  Mortia 
  claims 
  that 
  an 
  especially 
  fine 
  variety 
  of 
  coca 
  was 
  grown 
  on 
  the 
  coast, 
  in 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  lea. 
  

   The 
  claim 
  may 
  be 
  absurd, 
  but 
  deserves 
  careful 
  investigation. 
  (Morua, 
  1922-25, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  chs. 
  33, 
  48; 
  bk. 
  6, 
  ch. 
  6.) 
  

  

  