﻿308 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  poma-copa 
  ("puma's 
  tail"). 
  34 
  White 
  maize, 
  ground 
  chili 
  pepper, 
  

   and 
  coca 
  were 
  thrown 
  on 
  the 
  fire 
  when 
  the 
  llamas 
  were 
  sacrificed 
  

   (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  chs. 
  21, 
  25). 
  

  

  Public 
  ceremonials. 
  — 
  The 
  public 
  ceremonials 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  

   numerous 
  and 
  elaborate. 
  Most 
  of 
  them 
  were 
  regular 
  festivals 
  associ- 
  

   ated 
  with 
  stages 
  in 
  the 
  agricultural 
  year 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  calendar, 
  but 
  

   some 
  were 
  special 
  ceremonies 
  for 
  times 
  of 
  drought 
  or 
  disaster, 
  and 
  the 
  

   coronation 
  or 
  burial 
  of 
  an 
  Emperor. 
  In 
  Cuzco, 
  ceremonies 
  were 
  

   usually 
  performed 
  in 
  the 
  Great 
  Square 
  (hawk 
  ay-pat 
  a, 
  " 
  leisure 
  square") 
  

   or 
  in 
  the 
  smaller 
  squares 
  (inti-pampa 
  and 
  rimaq-pampa) 
  . 
  The 
  

   Emperor 
  and 
  his 
  court 
  attended, 
  and 
  the 
  images 
  of 
  the 
  gods 
  

   were 
  brought 
  from 
  their 
  temples 
  and 
  set 
  up 
  in 
  the 
  square. 
  The 
  

   mummy-bundles 
  of 
  dead 
  Emperors, 
  who 
  were 
  also 
  regarded 
  as 
  

   divinities, 
  were 
  brought 
  out 
  with 
  the 
  images. 
  Most 
  ceremonies 
  in- 
  

   cluded 
  elaborate 
  sacrifices, 
  dances, 
  and 
  recitations, 
  during 
  which 
  all 
  

   present 
  consumed 
  enormous 
  quantities 
  of 
  chicha. 
  Every 
  detail 
  of 
  

   Inca 
  ceremonies 
  was 
  regulated 
  by 
  ancient 
  tradition, 
  and 
  no 
  effort 
  was 
  

   spared 
  to 
  make 
  them 
  acceptable 
  to 
  the 
  gods 
  and 
  impressive 
  to 
  the 
  

   people. 
  

  

  The 
  ceremonial 
  calendar 
  closely 
  paralleled 
  the 
  agricultural 
  one. 
  

   (See 
  Valcarcel, 
  this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  471.) 
  The 
  year 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  12 
  

   lunar 
  months, 
  named 
  for 
  important 
  festivals 
  or 
  for 
  the 
  agricultural 
  

   season, 
  and 
  began 
  probably 
  in 
  December. 
  Because 
  of 
  the 
  variable 
  

   positions 
  of 
  such 
  lunar 
  months 
  and 
  the 
  festivals 
  they 
  included 
  in 
  the 
  

   solar 
  year, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  convenient 
  to 
  accept 
  the 
  month 
  for 
  month 
  corre- 
  

   lations 
  reported 
  by 
  Polo, 
  Acosta, 
  and 
  Cobo. 
  (For 
  the 
  astronomical 
  

   basis 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  calendar, 
  see 
  Lore 
  and 
  Learning, 
  p. 
  327.) 
  These 
  

   chroniclers 
  made 
  Qhapaq 
  raymi 
  correspond 
  to 
  December, 
  and 
  this 
  

   correlation 
  makes 
  the 
  sowing 
  and 
  harvest 
  festivals 
  come 
  the 
  nearest 
  

   to 
  the 
  proper 
  time 
  of 
  year. 
  Detailed 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  ceremonies 
  

   and 
  ceremonial 
  calendar 
  are 
  available, 
  especially 
  in 
  Cobo, 
  35 
  but 
  a 
  

   summary 
  fist 
  with 
  a 
  more 
  detailed 
  account 
  of 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  representa- 
  

   tive 
  ceremonies 
  is 
  all 
  that 
  present 
  space 
  permits. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  months 
  were 
  : 
  

  

  (1) 
  Qhapaq 
  raymi 
  ("magnificent 
  festival"; 
  spelled 
  Capac 
  *raymi 
  

   by 
  Cobo 
  and 
  Polo, 
  and 
  also 
  called 
  *raimi, 
  rayme, 
  and 
  *raymiquiz). 
  

   December. 
  This, 
  the 
  first 
  month 
  of 
  the 
  rainy 
  season, 
  included 
  the 
  

   December 
  solstice. 
  In 
  it, 
  the 
  Inca 
  held 
  their 
  waracikoy 
  rites, 
  in 
  

   which 
  boys 
  of 
  the 
  royal 
  lineages 
  were 
  given 
  their 
  breechclouts 
  and 
  

   earplugs 
  and 
  admitted 
  to 
  the 
  status 
  of 
  manhood. 
  (See 
  Life 
  Cycle, 
  

  

  3* 
  Near 
  the 
  modern 
  railroad 
  station. 
  

  

  3s 
  The 
  best 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  Itica 
  year 
  are 
  those 
  given 
  in 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  bk. 
  13, 
  chs. 
  25-30; 
  Molina 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  

   1913, 
  pp. 
  131-175; 
  Polo, 
  1916 
  a, 
  chs. 
  7, 
  8; 
  Acosta, 
  1940, 
  bk. 
  5, 
  ch. 
  28; 
  Anonymous 
  Discurso, 
  1906, 
  pp. 
  156-160; 
  

   Poma, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  235-360. 
  See 
  also 
  Means, 
  1931, 
  pp. 
  367-384. 
  On 
  the 
  time-reckoning 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  calendar, 
  

   see 
  below 
  (p. 
  327). 
  The 
  names 
  of 
  the 
  months 
  are 
  also 
  given 
  by 
  Fernandez, 
  1876, 
  pt. 
  2, 
  bk. 
  3, 
  ch. 
  10; 
  Betanzos, 
  

   1880, 
  pp. 
  15, 
  18; 
  and 
  in 
  part 
  by 
  Gonzalez, 
  1608. 
  

  

  