﻿328 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  implies 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  had 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  solar 
  months 
  independent 
  of 
  the 
  

   lunations, 
  but 
  Polo 
  himself 
  says 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  had 
  lunar 
  months, 
  and 
  

   Cieza, 
  Garcilaso, 
  and 
  the 
  author 
  of 
  the 
  Anonymous 
  Discurso 
  say 
  the 
  

   same 
  (references 
  as 
  above). 
  

  

  It 
  seems 
  most 
  likely, 
  then, 
  that 
  the 
  Inca 
  fixed 
  at 
  least 
  two 
  sowing 
  

   dates 
  by 
  solar 
  observation, 
  from 
  which 
  they 
  could 
  determine 
  the 
  

   approximate 
  number 
  of 
  days 
  in 
  a 
  year 
  if 
  they 
  were 
  sufficiently 
  inter- 
  

   ested 
  to 
  keep 
  count. 
  However, 
  they 
  probably 
  made 
  no 
  use 
  of 
  sol- 
  

   stices 
  and 
  equinoxes 
  in 
  their 
  calendar, 
  whether 
  or 
  not 
  they 
  displayed 
  

   enough 
  theoretical 
  interest 
  to 
  observe 
  them. 
  Their 
  months 
  were 
  

   lunar, 
  and 
  they 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  had 
  no 
  very 
  exact 
  way 
  of 
  adjusting 
  them 
  

   to 
  the 
  solar 
  year. 
  Probably 
  the 
  count 
  was 
  arbitrarily 
  adjusted 
  when 
  

   the 
  annual 
  solar 
  observations 
  indicated 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  seriously 
  wrong. 
  

  

  Anonymous 
  Discurso 
  gives 
  some 
  interesting 
  data 
  on 
  the 
  develop- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  calendar 
  which 
  have 
  a 
  ring 
  of 
  probability 
  and 
  imply 
  

   that 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  at 
  least 
  aware 
  of 
  the 
  problem 
  presented 
  by 
  the 
  

   difference 
  between 
  the 
  lunar 
  and 
  the 
  solar 
  year. 
  It 
  says 
  that 
  at 
  first 
  

   the 
  Indians 
  timed 
  their 
  planting 
  by 
  the 
  flowering 
  of 
  a 
  certain 
  cactus, 
  

   but 
  that 
  Inca 
  Viracocha 
  established 
  a 
  year 
  of 
  12 
  lunar 
  months, 
  each 
  

   to 
  begin 
  at 
  the 
  conjunction 
  (new 
  moon), 
  named 
  the 
  months, 
  and 
  

   designated 
  the 
  work 
  to 
  be 
  done 
  in 
  each. 
  His 
  successor, 
  Pachacuti, 
  

   soon 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  year 
  was 
  in 
  utter 
  confusion, 
  and 
  built 
  the 
  sun 
  

   towers 
  after 
  consultation 
  with 
  his 
  council 
  of 
  state 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  have 
  some 
  

   kind 
  of 
  a 
  check 
  on 
  the 
  lunar 
  months. 
  Special 
  officials 
  were 
  appointed 
  

   to 
  take 
  the 
  observations 
  (Anonymous 
  Discurso, 
  1906, 
  pp. 
  149-52). 
  

  

  The 
  phases 
  of 
  the 
  moon 
  were 
  carefully 
  observed, 
  and 
  had 
  some 
  

   importance 
  in 
  ceremonial 
  (Gonzalez, 
  1608, 
  pp. 
  174, 
  265, 
  306; 
  Garci- 
  

   laso, 
  1723, 
  pt. 
  1, 
  bk. 
  2, 
  ch. 
  23), 
  but 
  no 
  other 
  subdivisions 
  of 
  the 
  month 
  

   were 
  in 
  general 
  use. 
  Poma 
  and 
  Montesinos 
  speak 
  of 
  a 
  week 
  of 
  10 
  

   days. 
  Possibly 
  such 
  a 
  week 
  was 
  used 
  in 
  some 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  

   area, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  good 
  evidence 
  for 
  it 
  at 
  Cuzco 
  (Poma, 
  1936, 
  

   pp. 
  235, 
  260; 
  Montesinos, 
  1882, 
  pp. 
  69, 
  74). 
  39 
  

  

  The 
  calendar 
  in 
  use 
  in 
  the 
  Chimu 
  Kingdom 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  based 
  

   on 
  entirely 
  different 
  principles 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  f 
  for 
  Calancha 
  

  

  »» 
  Archeclogical 
  literature 
  has 
  used 
  *intihuatana 
  to 
  designate 
  certain 
  outcrops 
  of 
  bed 
  rock 
  carved 
  so 
  as 
  

   to 
  leave 
  an 
  irregular 
  vertical 
  protuberance 
  in 
  the 
  middle 
  which 
  is 
  assumed 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  some 
  sort 
  of 
  a 
  sun- 
  

   dial 
  for 
  calendrical 
  observations. 
  The 
  most 
  famous 
  examples 
  are 
  those 
  at 
  Pisac 
  (Squier, 
  1877, 
  pp. 
  525-29; 
  

   Montesinos, 
  1920, 
  pi. 
  6 
  facing 
  p.53) 
  and 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  (Bingham, 
  1913, 
  p. 
  509). 
  The 
  word 
  does 
  not 
  occur 
  

   in 
  any 
  chronicler 
  nor 
  in 
  any 
  of 
  the 
  older 
  Quechua 
  dictionaries, 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  am 
  aware. 
  The 
  first 
  mention 
  of 
  

   it 
  I 
  have 
  been 
  able 
  to 
  locate 
  is 
  in 
  Markham's 
  "Cuzco 
  and 
  Lima" 
  (1856, 
  p. 
  181), 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  cited 
  as 
  the 
  name 
  

   of 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  ruins 
  at 
  Ollantaytambo. 
  Squier 
  records 
  it 
  both 
  for 
  Ollantaytambo 
  and 
  Pisac 
  in 
  such 
  a 
  way 
  

   as 
  to 
  suggest 
  that 
  both 
  the 
  word 
  and 
  its 
  implied 
  meaning 
  were 
  current 
  in 
  the 
  local 
  Quechua 
  of 
  the 
  Urubamba 
  

   Valley 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  his 
  visit. 
  He 
  identified 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  pole 
  sundial 
  described 
  by 
  Garcilaso. 
  

  

  The 
  word 
  is 
  good 
  Quechua, 
  and 
  means 
  "hitching-post 
  of 
  the 
  sun." 
  It 
  was 
  probably 
  coined 
  when 
  the 
  

   real 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  stone 
  protuberances 
  had 
  been 
  forgotten 
  and 
  is 
  of 
  a 
  piece 
  with 
  qori-wayracina 
  ("gold-win- 
  

   nowing 
  place"), 
  and 
  iSka-wasi 
  ("house 
  of 
  the 
  Inca"), 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  applied 
  to 
  dozens 
  of 
  ruins 
  in 
  South- 
  

   ern 
  Peru. 
  As 
  to 
  the 
  protuberances 
  being 
  sundials 
  of 
  some 
  sort, 
  all 
  known 
  examples 
  are 
  too 
  short 
  and 
  too 
  

   irregular 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  of 
  the 
  slightest 
  use 
  for 
  solar 
  observations. 
  They 
  were 
  probably 
  cult 
  objects, 
  and 
  

   may 
  have 
  symbolized 
  the 
  place 
  spirit 
  of 
  the 
  hills 
  on 
  which 
  they 
  stand. 
  The 
  word 
  *intihuatana 
  should 
  

   be 
  discarded 
  from 
  archeological 
  literature, 
  except 
  as 
  a 
  place 
  name. 
  

  

  