﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  

  

  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  

  

  333 
  

  

  double 
  economy 
  based 
  upon 
  geographical 
  proximity 
  to 
  two 
  distinct 
  

   economic 
  zones 
  which 
  were 
  defined 
  by 
  altitude. 
  This 
  is 
  to 
  say, 
  the 
  

   Quechua 
  towns 
  were 
  settled 
  by 
  preference 
  within 
  easy 
  access 
  both 
  to 
  

   the 
  Highland 
  pastures 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  arable 
  flood 
  plains 
  of 
  the 
  valleys 
  and 
  

   canyons. 
  Such 
  situations 
  are 
  those 
  where 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  occupy 
  a 
  

   grassy, 
  level-topped 
  shoulder, 
  below 
  the 
  mountain 
  woodlands, 
  but 
  

   high 
  above 
  the 
  valley 
  floor 
  with 
  its 
  deep 
  alluvial 
  pockets. 
  The 
  alti- 
  

   tude 
  thus 
  selected 
  may 
  vary 
  between 
  3,000 
  and 
  13,000 
  feet 
  above 
  sea 
  

   level. 
  On 
  such 
  well-watered 
  shoulders, 
  or 
  flat-surfaced 
  spurs, 
  the 
  set- 
  

   tlers 
  may 
  raise 
  maize, 
  vegetables, 
  and 
  barley 
  (pi. 
  85). 
  Far 
  below, 
  in 
  

   the 
  canyon 
  or 
  valley, 
  sugarcane 
  and 
  fruits 
  are 
  grown. 
  Above 
  the 
  settle- 
  

   ment 
  (13,000 
  to 
  17,000 
  feet 
  (4,000 
  to 
  5,000 
  m.) 
  above 
  sea 
  level), 
  on 
  the 
  

   other 
  hand, 
  crops 
  of 
  potatoes 
  and 
  flocks 
  of 
  livestock 
  may 
  be 
  main- 
  

   tained 
  in 
  the 
  mountain 
  pastures 
  near 
  the 
  woodland 
  zone 
  (fig. 
  30) 
  

   (Bowman, 
  1916, 
  p. 
  57). 
  

  

  ZONE 
  OF 
  STORED 
  PRECIPITATION 
  

  

  SOURCES 
  OF 
  BASIN 
  STREAM.' 
  

  

  STEEPEST 
  CULTIVABLE 
  LAND 
  IN 
  VALLEY 
  

   YET 
  IMPORTANT 
  BECAUSE 
  IT 
  FALLS 
  

   WITHIN 
  THE 
  LIMITS 
  OF 
  AGRICULTURE! 
  

  

  ZONE 
  OF 
  CULTIVATION 
  

  

  {--LIMIT 
  OF 
  IRRIGATION 
  AND--! 
  

   i 
  INTENSIVE 
  CULTIVATION 
  ■ 
  

  

  LOWER 
  LIMIT 
  OF 
  PERMANENT1SN0W 
  

   UPPER 
  LIMIT 
  OF 
  POTATO 
  CULTIVATION 
  

  

  ZONE 
  OF 
  MOUNTAIN 
  PASTURES 
  

  

  •BARLEY 
  13000'- 
  

  

  -WHEAT 
  12 
  000'- 
  

  

  -CORN 
  II 
  000' 
  - 
  B 
  

  

  -THE 
  VINE 
  10000'- 
  

  

  -SU6AR 
  CANE 
  8 
  000- 
  

  

  ■ 
  -ORANGE 
  AND 
  BANANA 
  6 
  0CO* 
  

  

  Figure 
  30. 
  — 
  Climatic 
  cross 
  section 
  of 
  a 
  typical 
  intermontane 
  basin 
  in 
  the 
  Peru- 
  

   vian 
  Andes. 
  The 
  cultivation 
  and 
  pasture 
  zones 
  are 
  shown, 
  and 
  the 
  thickness 
  

   of 
  the 
  dark 
  symbols 
  on 
  the 
  right 
  is 
  proportional 
  to 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  each 
  staple 
  

   that 
  is 
  produced 
  at 
  the 
  corresponding 
  elevation. 
  (After 
  Bowman, 
  1916, 
  fig. 
  35.) 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  first 
  preempted 
  the 
  key 
  basin 
  

   formations, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Valleys 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  (11,000 
  feet 
  (3,000 
  m.) 
  

   above 
  sea 
  level), 
  Jauja, 
  Huamanga, 
  Yucay, 
  and 
  Anta, 
  where, 
  depend- 
  

   ing 
  upon 
  altitude, 
  the 
  possible 
  crops 
  were 
  maize, 
  barley, 
  wheat, 
  and 
  

   potatoes, 
  or 
  sugarcane, 
  alfalfa, 
  and 
  fruit, 
  as 
  in 
  Abancay 
  Valley 
  (6,000 
  

   to 
  8,000 
  feet 
  (2,000 
  to 
  2,500 
  m.) 
  above 
  sea 
  level). 
  The 
  most 
  lucra- 
  

   tive 
  encomiendas 
  were 
  established 
  in 
  the 
  deeply 
  canyoned 
  environ- 
  

   ments, 
  that 
  is, 
  in 
  the 
  quechua 
  proper, 
  while 
  the 
  puna 
  regions 
  of 
  the 
  

   Collao 
  were 
  long 
  left 
  untouched 
  by 
  Europeans, 
  until 
  well 
  after 
  the 
  

   middle 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century 
  (Levillier, 
  1921-26, 
  1:19, 
  127; 
  Montesinos, 
  

   1906, 
  1:193). 
  

  

  Here, 
  then, 
  we 
  shall 
  use 
  an 
  empirical 
  definition 
  of 
  the 
  term 
  

   "Quechua." 
  It 
  refers 
  specifically 
  to 
  certain 
  Colonial 
  Indian 
  groups, 
  

   to 
  distinguish 
  between 
  pre-Conquest 
  and 
  post-Conquest 
  versions 
  of 
  

   Peruvian 
  culture. 
  Those 
  human 
  agglomerations 
  are 
  regarded 
  as 
  

   Quechua 
  which 
  speak 
  the 
  Quechua 
  language, 
  or 
  inhabit 
  an 
  environ- 
  

  

  