﻿334 
  

  

  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  

  

  [B. 
  A, 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ment 
  of 
  deep 
  Highland 
  valleys 
  known 
  as 
  quechuas. 
  Quechua- 
  

   speaking 
  peoples 
  inhabiting 
  the 
  puna 
  or 
  the 
  Coastal 
  plains 
  may, 
  

   of 
  course, 
  be 
  regarded 
  as 
  Quechua. 
  Quechua 
  also, 
  however, 
  may 
  

   be 
  certain 
  non-Quechua-speaking 
  Indians 
  of 
  the 
  deep 
  Highland 
  

   valleys, 
  from 
  Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  North 
  Chile, 
  and 
  eastern 
  Bolivia 
  

   to 
  the 
  Ecuadorean 
  Highlands. 
  1 
  

  

  POPULATION 
  

  

  The 
  Viceroy 
  of 
  Peru 
  was 
  concerned 
  mainly 
  with 
  the 
  government 
  of 
  

   the 
  two 
  great 
  Audiencias 
  of 
  Lima 
  and 
  Charcas 
  (pis. 
  87, 
  88, 
  89). 
  The 
  

   Audiencia 
  of 
  Lima 
  included 
  most 
  of 
  what 
  is 
  known 
  today 
  as 
  the 
  

   Republic 
  of 
  Peru, 
  and 
  the 
  Audiencia 
  of 
  Charcas 
  included 
  southern 
  

   Perti 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  Here, 
  therefore, 
  any 
  reference 
  to 
  Colonial 
  Peru 
  

   may 
  be 
  taken 
  to 
  concern 
  only 
  these 
  areas 
  which 
  are 
  today 
  defined 
  

   as 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia, 
  and 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  Quechua 
  are 
  most 
  thickly 
  dis- 
  

   tributed. 
  Modern 
  Ecuador, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  corresponds 
  to 
  the 
  

   Colonial 
  Audiencia 
  of 
  Quito, 
  and 
  its 
  dense 
  Quechua 
  populations 
  were 
  

   subject 
  to 
  that 
  government 
  rather 
  than 
  to 
  the 
  Viceroyalty 
  of 
  Peru. 
  

   Many 
  differences 
  may 
  be 
  pointed 
  out 
  between 
  the 
  Quechua 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  

   and 
  those 
  of 
  Perti 
  or 
  Bolivia; 
  the 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Indian 
  

   populations 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  should, 
  therefore, 
  be 
  conducted 
  separately. 
  

   (See 
  Murra, 
  this 
  volume, 
  pp. 
  785-821.) 
  

  

  As 
  for 
  the 
  Audiencias 
  of 
  Lima 
  and 
  Charcas, 
  their 
  territorial 
  defini- 
  

   tions 
  remained 
  fairly 
  stable 
  throughout 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  (fig. 
  31), 
  and 
  

   the 
  populations 
  may 
  be 
  studied 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  various 
  counts 
  taken 
  at 
  

   intervals 
  during 
  the 
  16th, 
  17th, 
  and 
  18th 
  centuries 
  (table 
  1). 
  

  

  Table 
  1. 
  — 
  Total 
  Indian 
  populations 
  in 
  the 
  Audiencias 
  of 
  Lima 
  and 
  Charcas 
  

  

  Date 
  

  

  Number 
  of 
  

   Indian 
  

   persons 
  

  

  Number 
  of 
  

  

  Indian 
  

   tributaries 
  

  

  Source 
  

  

  1561 
  

  

  1, 
  490, 
  137 
  

  

  315, 
  335 
  

  

  287, 
  395 
  

  

  Zavala, 
  1935, 
  pp. 
  323-26. 
  

  

  1572 
  

  

  Vazquez 
  de 
  Espinosa, 
  1942, 
  pp. 
  703, 
  720. 
  

  

  1586 
  

  

  1, 
  230, 
  798 
  

  

  Diez 
  de 
  la 
  Calle, 
  1648, 
  p. 
  18a. 
  

  

  1591 
  - 
  

  

  275,078 
  

   231, 
  008 
  

   143, 
  363 
  

   141, 
  248 
  

  

  Morales, 
  1871, 
  p. 
  333. 
  

  

  1628 
  — 
  

  

  

  Vazquez 
  de 
  Espinosa, 
  1942, 
  pp. 
  703, 
  720. 
  

  

  1754 
  

  

  612, 
  780 
  

   610, 
  190 
  

   608, 
  894 
  

  

  Manso, 
  1859, 
  App. 
  p. 
  7. 
  

  

  1781 
  

  

  Escobedo, 
  in 
  Haenke, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  92. 
  

  

  1796 
  

  

  Memorias, 
  1859, 
  vol. 
  6, 
  App. 
  pp. 
  6-9. 
  

  

  

  

  

  The 
  accompanying 
  graph 
  (fig. 
  32) 
  reveals 
  a 
  movement 
  of 
  popula- 
  

   tion 
  density 
  characterized 
  by 
  unrelieved 
  loss. 
  At 
  no 
  moment 
  during 
  

   the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  do 
  the 
  Indian 
  populations 
  appear 
  to 
  have 
  undergone 
  

   phases 
  of 
  recovery, 
  such 
  as 
  those 
  determined 
  for 
  the 
  16th 
  century 
  in 
  

   Mexico. 
  It 
  is 
  also 
  to 
  be 
  noted, 
  however, 
  that 
  not 
  until 
  1720 
  did 
  any 
  

   great 
  losses 
  through 
  pestilence 
  occur 
  in 
  Perti. 
  According 
  to 
  Dr. 
  

  

  » 
  During 
  the 
  historic 
  period, 
  Quechua 
  has 
  spread 
  widely 
  also 
  into 
  the 
  Montana 
  of 
  eastern 
  Peru 
  and 
  Ecua- 
  

   dor 
  and 
  even 
  somewhat 
  into 
  the 
  Amazon 
  Basin. 
  These 
  areas 
  will 
  be 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  Handbook, 
  volume 
  

   3.— 
  Editor. 
  

  

  