﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  341 
  

  

  CONQUEST 
  QUECHUA 
  (1532-72) 
  

  

  From 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  view 
  of 
  finding 
  the 
  germinal 
  institutions 
  and 
  

   customs 
  of 
  Colonial 
  culture, 
  this 
  epoch 
  which 
  is 
  common 
  to 
  all 
  Colo- 
  

   nial 
  histories, 
  occupies 
  a 
  central 
  and 
  determining 
  position. 
  In 
  it 
  

   occur 
  the 
  innumerable 
  ad 
  hoc 
  solutions 
  to 
  the 
  strains 
  and 
  stresses 
  of 
  

   culture-conflict; 
  these 
  improvised 
  solutions 
  and 
  spontaneous 
  accords 
  

   yield 
  the 
  empirical 
  foundations 
  for 
  subsequent 
  legislation 
  and 
  codi- 
  

   fication, 
  whether 
  with 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  permanence 
  or 
  the 
  change 
  of 
  

   institutions. 
  

  

  In 
  Quechua 
  life, 
  the 
  Conquest 
  split 
  between 
  separatist 
  and 
  pacified 
  

   Quechua 
  is 
  a 
  dominating 
  historical 
  fact. 
  The 
  shifting 
  party 
  lines 
  and 
  

   allegiances 
  present 
  difficult 
  problems 
  of 
  reconstruction, 
  but 
  their 
  sense 
  

   is 
  clear; 
  one 
  great 
  Quechua 
  faction, 
  in 
  Vilcabamba 
  Province, 
  stood 
  for 
  

   the 
  continuation 
  of 
  Inca 
  culture, 
  and 
  the 
  other 
  stood, 
  however, 
  pas- 
  

   sively, 
  for 
  the 
  acceptance 
  of 
  Hispanization. 
  Neither 
  of 
  them 
  is 
  prop- 
  

   erly 
  Colonial. 
  Innumerable 
  pacified 
  Quechua 
  retained 
  much 
  of 
  

   their 
  pre-Conquest 
  daily 
  culture 
  in 
  good 
  functioning 
  order. 
  Only 
  

   gradually 
  was 
  this 
  day-to-day 
  culture 
  disintegrated 
  by 
  massive 
  Euro- 
  

   pean 
  influences. 
  The 
  separatist 
  Quechua, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  elevated 
  

   their 
  resistance 
  to 
  an 
  organizing 
  factor 
  which 
  substantially 
  altered 
  

   the 
  sense 
  of 
  Inca 
  culture. 
  Thus, 
  we 
  have 
  the 
  apparent 
  paradox 
  that 
  

   the 
  pacified 
  Quechua, 
  favored 
  by 
  inter-European 
  conflict, 
  maintained 
  

   an 
  integral 
  Inca 
  culture 
  in 
  remote 
  environments 
  rather 
  longer 
  than 
  

   the 
  resisting 
  Inca 
  faction, 
  among 
  whom 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  survival 
  

   produced 
  deep 
  internal 
  changes 
  and 
  movements 
  of 
  strategic 
  accul- 
  

   turation. 
  These 
  differences 
  need 
  to 
  be 
  designated 
  in 
  the 
  terminology. 
  

   Thus, 
  the 
  full 
  but 
  ebbing 
  tide 
  of 
  Inca 
  culture 
  among 
  the 
  pacified 
  

   Quechua 
  cannot 
  properly 
  be 
  termed 
  Colonial, 
  however 
  inexorably 
  

   their 
  Colonial 
  status 
  was 
  imminent. 
  A 
  convenient 
  name 
  for 
  this 
  

   situation, 
  as 
  pro 
  to-Colonial, 
  has, 
  therefore, 
  been 
  adopted. 
  On 
  the 
  

   other 
  hand, 
  the 
  separatist 
  Quechua, 
  with 
  their 
  rapidly 
  changing 
  

   customs, 
  can 
  no 
  longer 
  be 
  designated 
  as 
  bearers 
  of 
  Inca 
  culture; 
  

   the 
  term 
  Neo-Inca 
  will 
  perhaps 
  indicate 
  their 
  situation. 
  

  

  Proto-Colonial 
  Quechua. 
  — 
  It 
  may 
  be 
  postulated 
  that 
  the 
  rate 
  and 
  

   degree 
  of 
  Hispanization 
  among 
  the 
  pacified 
  Quechua 
  was 
  conditioned 
  

   (a) 
  by 
  their 
  proximity 
  to 
  Spanish 
  centers, 
  and 
  (6) 
  by 
  their 
  caste 
  or 
  

   status 
  in 
  Indian 
  society. 
  In 
  the 
  dispersed 
  and 
  inaccessible 
  settle- 
  

   ments, 
  where 
  encomiendas 
  were 
  slow 
  in 
  being 
  awarded, 
  we 
  may 
  look 
  

   for 
  the 
  most 
  complete 
  retention 
  of 
  day-to-day 
  Inca 
  culture. 
  Nearer 
  

   the 
  cities, 
  however, 
  the 
  changes 
  wrought 
  by 
  encomienda, 
  with 
  its 
  at- 
  

   tendant 
  pressures, 
  produced 
  closer 
  approximations 
  to 
  the 
  Colonial 
  

   Quechua 
  community. 
  Within 
  the 
  settlements 
  susceptible 
  to 
  coloni- 
  

   zation, 
  however, 
  the 
  curacas 
  were 
  entrusted 
  by 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  with 
  the 
  

   important 
  duties 
  of 
  collecting 
  tribute, 
  enforcing 
  the 
  mita, 
  and 
  super- 
  

   vising 
  the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  lands. 
  Also, 
  their 
  offices 
  were 
  strictly 
  heredi- 
  

  

  