﻿342 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  tary, 
  and 
  if 
  heirs 
  were 
  lacking, 
  the 
  succession 
  was 
  regulated 
  by- 
  

   Spanish 
  rules 
  of 
  inheritance. 
  (Memorias, 
  1859, 
  1:19-20; 
  4:93; 
  Pefla, 
  

   1698, 
  p. 
  316.) 
  Thus 
  the 
  curacas 
  most 
  rapidly 
  assimilated 
  certain 
  as- 
  

   pects 
  of 
  Spanish 
  social 
  and 
  material 
  culture. 
  At 
  the 
  other 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  

   social 
  scale, 
  the 
  innumerable 
  Indians 
  who 
  became 
  alienated 
  from 
  

   their 
  communities, 
  for 
  whatever 
  reason, 
  entered 
  the 
  yanaconate, 
  

   where 
  the 
  performance 
  of 
  domestic 
  services 
  for 
  Spaniards 
  rapidly 
  

   converted 
  them 
  into 
  an 
  urban 
  and 
  Hispanicized 
  proletariat. 
  In 
  the 
  

   Quechua 
  communities, 
  the 
  remaining 
  tribute-payers 
  (hatunrunas) 
  

   continued 
  to 
  retain 
  substantial 
  areas 
  of 
  a 
  day-to-day 
  Inca 
  culture, 
  

   only 
  gradually 
  permeated 
  by 
  Colonial 
  intrusions. 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  powerful 
  instrument 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  in 
  the 
  coloni- 
  

   zation 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  Quechua 
  was 
  the 
  institution 
  of 
  encomienda. 
  

   When 
  a 
  community, 
  or 
  group 
  of 
  communities, 
  fell 
  within 
  an 
  enco- 
  

   mienda 
  grant, 
  the 
  Indians' 
  control 
  of 
  their 
  lands 
  was 
  gravely 
  en- 
  

   dangered. 
  If 
  the 
  community 
  were 
  unable 
  to 
  meet 
  its 
  tribute 
  obli- 
  

   gations, 
  or 
  if 
  its 
  curacas 
  could 
  be 
  suborned, 
  the 
  community 
  lands 
  

   might, 
  without 
  restraint, 
  be 
  offered 
  for 
  sale. 
  The 
  widespread 
  insti- 
  

   tution 
  of 
  encomienda 
  throughout 
  Peru, 
  therefore, 
  signified 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   gressive 
  dissolution 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  communities, 
  or 
  their 
  enforced 
  

   dispersal 
  to 
  more 
  remote 
  and 
  less 
  attractive 
  lands. 
  The 
  immense 
  

   swelling 
  of 
  the 
  yanaconate 
  may 
  be 
  directly 
  assigned 
  to 
  the 
  effects 
  of 
  

   encomienda. 
  Thus 
  encomienda 
  may 
  legitimately 
  be 
  compared 
  to 
  

   the 
  latifundismo 
  of 
  the 
  19th 
  century 
  (cf. 
  Poblete, 
  1938, 
  p. 
  32); 
  any 
  

   incorporation 
  of 
  the 
  communal 
  lands 
  by 
  an 
  individual 
  owner 
  signifies 
  

   in 
  Peru 
  some 
  progress 
  in 
  the 
  dissolution 
  of 
  indigenous 
  society. 
  In 
  

   the 
  16th 
  century, 
  encomienda 
  facilitated 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  Euro- 
  

   pean 
  food-crops 
  and 
  animals. 
  Unrestricted 
  stock 
  raising 
  and 
  highly 
  

   diversified 
  food 
  growing 
  were 
  possible 
  only 
  after 
  the 
  massive 
  disrup- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  Indian 
  land 
  tenure 
  had 
  been 
  effected. 
  

  

  The 
  second 
  powerful 
  instrument 
  in 
  the 
  enforced 
  acculturation 
  of 
  

   the 
  residual 
  Quechua 
  communities 
  was 
  the 
  exaction 
  of 
  tribute. 
  The 
  

   assessments 
  in 
  kind 
  usually 
  forced 
  a 
  community 
  to 
  adopt 
  the 
  agro- 
  

   pecuarian 
  activities 
  of 
  Europe. 
  A 
  wide 
  gap 
  soon 
  developed 
  within 
  

   Quechua 
  subsistence 
  activities. 
  The 
  sources 
  agree 
  that 
  few 
  Euro- 
  

   pean 
  foods 
  found 
  a 
  secure 
  place 
  in 
  Quechua 
  diet. 
  The 
  traditional 
  basis 
  

   of 
  nutrition 
  continued 
  relatively 
  undisturbed, 
  and 
  a 
  wholly 
  different 
  

   set 
  of 
  foods 
  was 
  produced 
  for 
  tribute. 
  The 
  same 
  situation 
  prevailed 
  

   with 
  other 
  basic 
  commodities; 
  production 
  for 
  Indian 
  use 
  was 
  little 
  

   affected 
  by 
  the 
  concurrent 
  production 
  for 
  European 
  use. 
  One 
  of 
  its 
  

   results 
  was 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  what 
  may 
  be 
  designated 
  as 
  a 
  double 
  

   social 
  personality. 
  On 
  the 
  one 
  hand, 
  Quechua 
  communal 
  production 
  

   continued 
  and, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  a 
  set 
  of 
  mercantile 
  practices 
  asso- 
  

   ciated 
  with 
  European 
  goods 
  grew 
  up 
  beside 
  the 
  Indian 
  economy. 
  

  

  Extreme 
  mobility 
  characterizes 
  pro 
  to-Colonial 
  Quechua 
  life, 
  a 
  mobil- 
  

  

  