﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KTJBLER 
  343 
  

  

  ity 
  which 
  is 
  not 
  only 
  physical 
  but 
  social. 
  In 
  the 
  16th 
  century, 
  the 
  

   landless, 
  rootless 
  yanaconate 
  was 
  constantly 
  on 
  the 
  move; 
  the 
  com- 
  

   munities 
  themselves 
  underwent 
  dispersal 
  or 
  enforced 
  concentration; 
  

   the 
  great 
  Indian 
  armies, 
  whether 
  in 
  Spanish 
  factional 
  or 
  in 
  Neo-Inca 
  

   service, 
  were 
  in 
  unceasing 
  advance 
  or 
  retreat. 
  In 
  the 
  social 
  order, 
  

   Inca 
  society 
  underwent 
  a 
  process 
  of 
  leveling 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  extremes 
  

   were 
  displaced. 
  The 
  range 
  of 
  possible 
  social 
  movement 
  was 
  con- 
  

   stantly 
  narrowing, 
  but 
  all 
  the 
  classes 
  of 
  Inca 
  society 
  were 
  implicated 
  

   in 
  the 
  movement. 
  The 
  yanaconate 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  caste 
  gravitated 
  

   toward 
  Spanish 
  society. 
  Within 
  the 
  Indian 
  community, 
  distinc- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  caste 
  were 
  leveled 
  by 
  the 
  common 
  imposition 
  of 
  tribute. 
  The 
  

   end 
  product 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Colonial 
  Period, 
  after 
  1572, 
  was 
  a 
  Quechua 
  

   society 
  of 
  relatively 
  uniform 
  and 
  undifferentiated 
  character, 
  largely 
  

   divested 
  of 
  its 
  faculties 
  for 
  effective 
  self-government. 
  

  

  The 
  pressure 
  of 
  Spanish 
  colonization 
  upon 
  Quechua 
  society 
  in 
  the 
  

   proto-Colonial 
  Period 
  was 
  chiefly 
  economic 
  and 
  political. 
  The 
  stu- 
  

   dent 
  is 
  repeatedly 
  brought 
  to 
  wonder 
  at 
  the 
  ineffectiveness 
  or 
  absence 
  

   of 
  religious 
  and 
  moral 
  colonization. 
  Quechua 
  religion 
  survived 
  vir- 
  

   tually 
  intact 
  within 
  the 
  communities 
  and 
  even 
  in 
  Spanish 
  settlements, 
  

   but 
  for 
  certain 
  processes 
  of 
  antagonistic 
  fusion. 
  The 
  situation 
  is 
  pre- 
  

   cisely 
  the 
  inverse 
  of 
  that 
  which 
  prevailed 
  in 
  Mexico 
  before 
  1572, 
  

   where 
  the 
  initial 
  colonization 
  was 
  conducted 
  chiefly 
  by 
  the 
  regular 
  

   clergy, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  philosophical 
  dictates 
  of 
  a 
  humanist 
  evan- 
  

   gelism. 
  

  

  The 
  Neo-Inca 
  State. 
  — 
  The 
  40-year 
  resistance 
  by 
  the 
  Neo-Inca 
  (to 
  

   1572) 
  was 
  organized 
  in 
  the 
  effort 
  to 
  escape 
  and 
  counter 
  the 
  leveling 
  

   process 
  in 
  early 
  colonization. 
  The 
  retention 
  of 
  the 
  Incaship 
  and 
  the 
  

   incorporation 
  of 
  many 
  non-Quechua 
  speaking 
  peoples 
  as 
  military 
  allies 
  

   bespeak 
  the 
  vital 
  persistence 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  concept 
  of 
  the 
  state. 
  In 
  

   what 
  measure 
  its 
  highly 
  articulated 
  administrative 
  system 
  actually 
  

   survived 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  determine. 
  The 
  physical 
  mobility 
  which 
  

   characterizes 
  other 
  sections 
  of 
  Conquest 
  Quechua 
  life 
  was 
  indispensable 
  

   to 
  the 
  survival 
  of 
  the 
  Neo-Inca; 
  their 
  entire 
  history 
  may 
  conveniently 
  

   be 
  described 
  as 
  a 
  magnified 
  and 
  special 
  instance 
  of 
  mass 
  dispersal. 
  

   Unceasing 
  military 
  contingencies 
  inhibited 
  the 
  exercise 
  of 
  customary 
  

   administrative 
  faculties. 
  All 
  the 
  resources 
  of 
  "Neo-Inca 
  society 
  were 
  

   drawn 
  into 
  the 
  struggle 
  for 
  survival. 
  Hence 
  leveling 
  was 
  inevitable; 
  

   the 
  fighters 
  at 
  the 
  siege 
  of 
  Cuzco, 
  for 
  instance, 
  were 
  simultaneously 
  

   food 
  growers, 
  and 
  in 
  Ollantaytambo 
  or 
  Viticos 
  (fig. 
  34) 
  the 
  traces 
  

   of 
  an 
  administrative 
  hierarchy 
  are 
  faint. 
  The 
  Inca 
  ruler 
  maintained 
  

   a 
  "court" 
  consisting 
  of 
  military 
  aides 
  whose 
  needs 
  were 
  less 
  those 
  of 
  

   an 
  elaborate 
  ceremonial 
  of 
  caste 
  than 
  of 
  soldiers 
  in 
  bivouac. 
  

  

  The 
  economic 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  Neo-Inca 
  was 
  characterized 
  by 
  a 
  split 
  anal- 
  

   ogous 
  to 
  that 
  which 
  prevailed 
  in 
  pacified 
  Quechua 
  society. 
  The 
  tra- 
  

   ditional 
  subsistence 
  activities 
  continued, 
  but 
  the 
  group 
  depended 
  

  

  