﻿352 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  148 
  

  

  troduced 
  to 
  Peril 
  in 
  1784 
  (Croix, 
  1790, 
  in 
  Memorias, 
  1859, 
  5:70; 
  

   Fisher, 
  1929). 
  The 
  new 
  Code 
  forbade 
  the 
  notorious 
  reparto 
  de 
  

   efectos, 
  against 
  which 
  the 
  rebellions 
  were 
  directed, 
  but 
  the 
  custom 
  

   continued 
  unabated, 
  according 
  to 
  Viceroy 
  O'Higgins, 
  until 
  after 
  1800 
  

   (Juan 
  and 
  Ultoa, 
  1826, 
  ed. 
  note, 
  p. 
  664). 
  The 
  Intendencies, 
  however, 
  

   had 
  been 
  under 
  consideration 
  in 
  Spain 
  since 
  the 
  decade 
  of 
  the 
  1740's; 
  

   they 
  were 
  devised 
  in 
  answer 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  abuses 
  which 
  occasioned 
  the 
  

   rebellions 
  in 
  Peru, 
  Colombia, 
  and 
  Venezuela 
  (Arciniegas, 
  1939), 
  but 
  

   they 
  were 
  not 
  directly 
  caused 
  by 
  the 
  rebellions. 
  It 
  is 
  significant 
  that 
  

   no 
  specifically 
  Peruvian 
  code 
  was 
  ever 
  devised; 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Intend- 
  

   encies 
  were 
  governed 
  by 
  the 
  Codes 
  established 
  for 
  New 
  Spain 
  and 
  

   Buenos 
  Aires. 
  The 
  Indian 
  uprisings 
  are 
  rather 
  to 
  be 
  interpreted 
  as 
  

   moments 
  of 
  protest 
  among 
  populations 
  possessing 
  extremely 
  reduced 
  

   powers 
  of 
  action. 
  That 
  the 
  protest 
  was 
  registered 
  in 
  administrative 
  

   practice 
  is 
  undeniable, 
  but 
  it 
  did 
  not 
  initiate 
  social 
  and 
  economic 
  

   legislation. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  rebellion, 
  remarkable 
  loyalty 
  was 
  manifested 
  by 
  the 
  

   rebels 
  as 
  regarded 
  Church 
  and 
  Crown. 
  The 
  leaders' 
  object 
  was 
  to 
  

   capture 
  and 
  preempt 
  Spanish 
  institutions, 
  rather 
  than 
  to 
  destroy 
  

   them. 
  Their 
  loyalty 
  to 
  the 
  Church 
  was 
  even 
  firmer 
  than 
  their 
  

   loyalty 
  to 
  the 
  Crown. 
  Formal 
  declarations 
  of 
  adherence 
  to 
  the 
  

   Crown 
  were 
  common 
  enough, 
  but 
  it 
  was 
  among 
  the 
  curates 
  that 
  the 
  

   rebels 
  found 
  their 
  closest 
  sympathizers 
  in 
  European 
  circles. 
  Recently 
  

   published 
  evidence 
  would 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  Bishop 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  in 
  1780 
  

   not 
  only 
  encouraged 
  the 
  rebellion 
  of 
  Tupac 
  Amaru, 
  but 
  was 
  ready 
  to 
  

   yield 
  the 
  city 
  to 
  the 
  Indians 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  siege. 
  The 
  editor 
  of 
  

   this 
  remarkable 
  document 
  (Anonymous, 
  1943) 
  has 
  promised 
  to 
  publish 
  

   further 
  documents 
  exculpating 
  Bishop 
  Moscoso. 
  Until 
  then, 
  his 
  

   case 
  cannot 
  fairly 
  be 
  judged. 
  The 
  important 
  fact, 
  however, 
  is 
  that 
  

   his 
  contemporaries 
  could 
  find 
  it 
  possible, 
  whether 
  rightly 
  or 
  wrongly, 
  

   to 
  accuse 
  him 
  of 
  such 
  complicity. 
  In 
  general, 
  the 
  rebellion 
  was 
  

   directed 
  against 
  corregidores, 
  who 
  were 
  Crown 
  officials, 
  and 
  not 
  

   against 
  curates. 
  The 
  rebels 
  went 
  to 
  great 
  lengths 
  to 
  secure 
  aud 
  

   attach 
  priests, 
  who 
  were 
  accorded 
  the 
  usual 
  reverent 
  treatment, 
  and 
  

   Tupac 
  Amaru 
  himself 
  insisted 
  repeatedly 
  that 
  he 
  never 
  willfully 
  

   damaged 
  any 
  Church 
  property 
  excepting 
  under 
  duress. 
  The 
  Indians, 
  

   in 
  effect, 
  had 
  no 
  outstanding 
  complaint 
  against 
  the 
  Church. 
  Its 
  

   ministers 
  often 
  interceded 
  for 
  them; 
  its 
  rituals 
  had 
  become 
  an 
  integral 
  

   part 
  of 
  their 
  lives; 
  its 
  faith 
  governed 
  their 
  actions 
  and 
  thoughts 
  as 
  

   their 
  capacities 
  permitted. 
  

  

  If 
  the 
  Late 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  was 
  marked 
  by 
  a 
  resurgence 
  of 
  positive 
  

   historical 
  action 
  among 
  the 
  Quechua, 
  that 
  activity, 
  manifested 
  in 
  the 
  

   rebellions, 
  was 
  spasmodic 
  and 
  transitory. 
  During 
  the 
  Wars 
  of 
  

   Independence, 
  the 
  Highland 
  Indians 
  of 
  Peru 
  took 
  little 
  part 
  in 
  the 
  

  

  