﻿Vol.2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  353 
  

  

  Creole 
  conflict. 
  Their 
  passive 
  loyalty 
  to 
  the 
  Crown 
  actually 
  im- 
  

   peded 
  the 
  achievement 
  of 
  independence. 
  

  

  REPUBLICAN 
  QUECHUA 
  

  

  All 
  that 
  can 
  be 
  achieved 
  here 
  is 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  presence 
  of 
  numerous 
  

   problems, 
  which 
  are 
  insoluble 
  without 
  detailed 
  statistical 
  treatment. 
  

   An 
  extraordinary 
  increase 
  in 
  the 
  Indian 
  populations 
  marks 
  the 
  19th 
  

   century. 
  It 
  is 
  not 
  unlikely 
  that 
  the 
  present 
  Quechua-speaking 
  pop- 
  

   ulation 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia 
  far 
  exceeds 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  area 
  under 
  

   Inca 
  domination. 
  The 
  sources 
  of 
  this 
  great 
  increase 
  may 
  be 
  related 
  

   in 
  part 
  to 
  the 
  cessation 
  of 
  Colonial 
  mining 
  enterprises, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  

   reversion 
  of 
  the 
  Indian 
  populations 
  to 
  an 
  agropecuarian 
  economy 
  

   (Mariategui, 
  1928, 
  p. 
  15). 
  

  

  Early 
  Republican 
  legislation 
  attempted 
  to 
  dissolve 
  the 
  communal 
  

   regimen 
  of 
  property 
  by 
  assigning 
  Indian 
  lands 
  to 
  individual 
  Indian 
  

   owners. 
  The 
  policy 
  had 
  disastrous 
  effects, 
  and 
  such 
  lands 
  were, 
  

   therefore, 
  swiftly 
  withdrawn 
  from 
  the 
  market 
  (S&enz, 
  1933, 
  pp. 
  

   203-206; 
  Frisancho, 
  1923, 
  p. 
  321) 
  by 
  laws 
  promulgated 
  in 
  1828. 
  The 
  

   intention 
  of 
  Republican 
  government 
  was 
  to 
  encourage 
  private 
  owner- 
  

   ship 
  (Poblete, 
  1938, 
  p. 
  62), 
  with 
  the 
  same 
  disregard 
  of 
  ancient 
  tra- 
  

   dition 
  that 
  characterized 
  the 
  early 
  colonists. 
  

  

  The 
  Colonial 
  status 
  of 
  the 
  Indians 
  did 
  not 
  cease 
  with 
  the 
  creation 
  

   of 
  the 
  Republic. 
  On 
  the 
  contrary, 
  all 
  the 
  exploitative 
  mechanisms 
  

   of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  government 
  continued 
  in 
  the 
  Republican 
  era. 
  Trib- 
  

   ute, 
  for 
  example, 
  although 
  it 
  changed 
  name, 
  being 
  designated 
  as 
  

   the 
  "contribucion 
  de 
  indigenas, 
  ,, 
  continued 
  to 
  be 
  levied. 
  It 
  had 
  

   to 
  be 
  levied, 
  for 
  the 
  early 
  Republican 
  government, 
  like 
  the 
  Co- 
  

   lonial 
  government, 
  depended 
  for 
  at 
  least 
  one-sixth 
  of 
  its 
  income 
  

   on 
  Indian 
  assessment. 
  Yet 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  guano 
  and 
  nitrate 
  

   industries 
  permitted 
  the 
  gradual 
  abandonment 
  of 
  formal 
  tribute 
  in 
  

   the 
  middle 
  of 
  the 
  century. 
  Thus 
  early 
  efforts 
  to 
  abolish 
  it 
  by 
  

   legislative 
  means, 
  in 
  1821 
  and 
  again 
  in 
  1839 
  and 
  1845, 
  were 
  unsuc- 
  

   cessful. 
  But 
  by 
  1887-88, 
  the 
  attempt 
  to 
  collect 
  tribute 
  failed, 
  yield- 
  

   ing 
  less 
  than 
  one-fourth 
  of 
  the 
  expected 
  return. 
  The 
  undisguised 
  

   tribute 
  levy 
  was 
  finally 
  abolished 
  in 
  the 
  Revolution 
  of 
  1895 
  (Belaiinde, 
  

   1932, 
  pp. 
  91-94). 
  For 
  all 
  practical 
  purposes, 
  nevertheless, 
  govern- 
  

   ment 
  continued 
  to 
  depend 
  upon 
  income 
  raised 
  from 
  Indians. 
  After 
  

   the 
  great 
  national 
  impoverishment 
  of 
  the 
  War 
  of 
  the 
  Pacific 
  (1879-82), 
  

   when 
  Peru 
  lost 
  her 
  resources 
  of 
  guano 
  and 
  nitrates 
  to 
  Chile, 
  tribute 
  

   was 
  taken 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  taxes 
  upon 
  consumers' 
  goods. 
  Another 
  sur- 
  

   vival 
  of 
  Colonial 
  institutions 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  rapid 
  growth 
  of 
  

   vast 
  estates 
  in 
  19th-century 
  Peru. 
  Gamonalismo, 
  or 
  latifundismo, 
  

   shows 
  close 
  affinities 
  to 
  the 
  Conquest 
  phenomenon 
  of 
  encomienda. 
  

   On 
  the 
  great 
  haciendas, 
  the 
  creation 
  of 
  a 
  large 
  class 
  of 
  colonos, 
  alien- 
  

  

  