﻿354 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ated 
  from 
  their 
  communities 
  and 
  enjoying 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  land 
  only 
  in 
  

   return 
  for 
  labor, 
  resembles 
  the 
  immense 
  yanaconate 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  

   century. 
  Yet 
  in 
  the 
  late 
  19th 
  century, 
  the 
  emergence 
  of 
  military 
  

   governments, 
  in 
  which 
  power 
  was 
  secured 
  by 
  maintaining 
  a 
  sub- 
  

   stantial 
  military 
  establishment 
  drawn 
  from 
  the 
  Indian 
  populations, 
  

   evokes 
  the 
  Crown 
  corregimientos 
  of 
  the 
  Early 
  and 
  Mature 
  Colonial 
  

   Periods 
  with 
  their 
  need 
  for 
  mining 
  labor. 
  A 
  military 
  government, 
  

   such 
  as 
  that 
  of 
  President 
  Caceres, 
  depending 
  upon 
  Indian 
  army 
  per- 
  

   sonnel, 
  has 
  a 
  great 
  interest 
  in 
  the 
  maintenance 
  of 
  the 
  communes; 
  

   therefore, 
  a 
  high 
  degree 
  of 
  laissez 
  faire 
  was 
  permitted 
  them. 
  The 
  

   mita 
  finally 
  survived 
  under 
  a 
  new 
  name. 
  Called 
  faena, 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  fa- 
  

   miliar 
  performance 
  of 
  draft-labor 
  enterprises 
  both 
  on 
  the 
  haciendas 
  

   and 
  in 
  public 
  works 
  (Kaerger, 
  1901, 
  2:330). 
  Its 
  volume, 
  however 
  

   will 
  not 
  bear 
  comparison 
  with 
  the 
  Colonial 
  mita, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  

   service 
  of 
  the 
  mines 
  engaged 
  nearly 
  all 
  Highland 
  populations. 
  

  

  CULTURAL 
  CHANGES 
  

   SUBSISTENCE 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  The 
  potential 
  subsistence 
  activities 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Quechua 
  were 
  

   enriched 
  by 
  new 
  introductions 
  of 
  two 
  separate 
  kinds. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  

   place, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  brought 
  to 
  Peru 
  many 
  European 
  cereals, 
  fruits, 
  

   and 
  animals; 
  in 
  the 
  second 
  place, 
  certain 
  American 
  cereals 
  and 
  fruits, 
  

   unknown 
  in 
  Peru 
  before 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  were 
  introduced 
  from 
  the 
  

   Antilles, 
  New 
  Spain, 
  Central 
  America, 
  or 
  eastern 
  South 
  America. 
  

   A 
  case 
  in 
  point 
  is 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  pines 
  with 
  edible 
  nuts 
  from 
  

   New 
  Spain 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:403). 
  The 
  abundant 
  presence 
  of 
  an 
  

   imported 
  species 
  in 
  Peru, 
  however, 
  does 
  not 
  necessarily 
  signify 
  its 
  

   acceptance 
  by 
  the 
  Quechua 
  for 
  their 
  own 
  use. 
  From 
  the 
  early 
  decades 
  

   of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era, 
  many 
  Indians 
  raised 
  some 
  crops 
  merely 
  to 
  satisfy 
  

   tribute 
  demands 
  which 
  were 
  levied 
  in 
  kind. 
  For 
  example, 
  wheat 
  and 
  

   sheep 
  might 
  be 
  raised 
  in 
  large 
  quantities 
  by 
  Indians 
  whose 
  tribute 
  

   assessment 
  was 
  so 
  heavy 
  that 
  it 
  did 
  not 
  permit 
  them 
  to 
  consume 
  any 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  yield 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:347). 
  Where 
  cash 
  payments 
  of 
  

   tribute 
  were 
  customary, 
  the 
  European 
  crops 
  and 
  herds 
  were 
  regarded 
  

   as 
  a 
  means 
  for 
  earning 
  money. 
  Father 
  Cobo, 
  writing 
  in 
  1652, 
  reports 
  

   that 
  the 
  Indians 
  in 
  Lima 
  were 
  able 
  to 
  distinguish 
  carefully 
  and 
  in 
  

   detail 
  between 
  native 
  and 
  imported 
  plants 
  and 
  animals 
  (Cobo, 
  1890- 
  

   95, 
  1:333), 
  and 
  his 
  account 
  of 
  these 
  various 
  species 
  reverts 
  continu- 
  

   ally 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  many 
  European 
  introductions 
  had 
  not 
  been 
  

   adopted 
  by 
  the 
  Indians. 
  Among 
  the 
  Highland 
  tributaries, 
  for 
  instance 
  

   the 
  typical 
  daily 
  intake 
  of 
  food 
  consisted 
  of 
  maize, 
  grasses 
  or 
  herbs, 
  

   dried 
  alpaca 
  or 
  llama 
  meat, 
  quinoa 
  flour, 
  aud 
  potatoes 
  (Messia, 
  1600, 
  

   in 
  Lorente, 
  1867-72, 
  2:348; 
  Loaysa, 
  1889, 
  p. 
  600). 
  All 
  were 
  Indian 
  

   foods; 
  European 
  cereals, 
  fruits, 
  legumes, 
  or 
  meats 
  are 
  not 
  mentioned. 
  

  

  