﻿Vol.2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  355 
  

  

  The 
  reasons 
  for 
  the 
  various 
  acceptances 
  and 
  rejections 
  are 
  closely 
  

   associated. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  place, 
  the 
  process 
  whereby 
  the 
  new 
  plants 
  and 
  

   animals 
  were 
  distributed 
  throughout 
  Peru 
  may 
  be 
  compared 
  to 
  the 
  

   process 
  of 
  fractional 
  distillation. 
  With 
  each 
  substantial 
  change 
  in 
  

   altitude 
  or 
  climate, 
  certain 
  groups 
  of 
  species 
  were 
  unable 
  to 
  survive 
  

   or 
  adapt 
  themselves 
  to 
  the 
  new 
  conditions. 
  Such 
  was 
  the 
  case 
  with 
  

   wheat 
  (Triticum 
  sativum). 
  With 
  increasing 
  altitude, 
  the 
  prices 
  for 
  

   wheat 
  rose, 
  until 
  finally 
  it 
  became 
  inaccessible 
  to 
  the 
  puna 
  dwellers, 
  

   who 
  could 
  neither 
  buy 
  it 
  nor 
  grow 
  it 
  for 
  themselves. 
  Such 
  was 
  also 
  

   the 
  case 
  with 
  many 
  fruits: 
  date 
  palms, 
  figs, 
  pomegranates, 
  quinces, 
  

   olives, 
  and 
  bananas 
  were 
  restricted 
  to 
  the 
  low, 
  moist, 
  warm 
  parts 
  of 
  

   Peru 
  and 
  to 
  Spanish 
  use. 
  In 
  the 
  17th 
  century, 
  even 
  stock 
  breeding 
  

   underwent 
  a 
  differential 
  separation 
  by 
  altitude. 
  Cobo 
  tells 
  us 
  that 
  

   in 
  his 
  time 
  horses 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  bred 
  at 
  great 
  altitudes, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  Collao, 
  

   unless 
  the 
  foals 
  were 
  surrounded 
  with 
  great 
  care. 
  The 
  animals, 
  there- 
  

   fore, 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  imported, 
  fully 
  grown, 
  from 
  lower 
  regions 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  2:351). 
  Cattle, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  were 
  bred 
  at 
  altitudes 
  

   where 
  young 
  horses 
  could 
  not 
  survive. 
  The 
  prices 
  for 
  cattle 
  were 
  

   lowest 
  in 
  the 
  Collao; 
  near 
  Lima, 
  on 
  the 
  contrary, 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  Coast, 
  

   where 
  stock 
  breeding 
  was 
  more 
  difficult, 
  the 
  prices 
  were 
  very 
  high 
  

   (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:358-59). 
  Hence, 
  an 
  initial 
  condition 
  for 
  Quechua 
  

   acceptance 
  of 
  any 
  European 
  subsistence 
  activity 
  was 
  that 
  it 
  be 
  adap- 
  

   table 
  to 
  either 
  or 
  both 
  the 
  intermediate 
  and 
  the 
  extremely 
  high 
  zones 
  

   of 
  altitude. 
  

  

  A 
  second 
  condition 
  for 
  specific 
  success 
  among 
  the 
  Quechua 
  resided 
  

   in 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  even 
  those 
  species 
  which 
  withstand 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  alti- 
  

   tudes 
  must 
  meet 
  with 
  no 
  close 
  competition 
  from 
  familiar 
  Indian 
  species. 
  

   The 
  extraordinary 
  success 
  of 
  horse 
  and 
  cattle 
  breeding 
  in 
  Highland 
  

   Peru 
  may 
  be 
  assigned 
  in 
  part 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  for 
  the 
  Indians 
  European 
  

   draft 
  animals 
  and 
  cattle 
  supplemented 
  very 
  widely 
  the 
  benefits 
  to 
  be 
  

   derived 
  from 
  the 
  llama. 
  They 
  bore 
  heavier 
  loads, 
  moved 
  more 
  freely 
  

   from 
  one 
  altitude 
  to 
  another, 
  yielded 
  more 
  by-products, 
  and 
  were 
  adapt- 
  

   able 
  to 
  more 
  uses 
  than 
  the 
  llama. 
  A 
  team 
  of 
  oxen 
  was 
  not 
  uncom- 
  

   monly 
  the 
  property 
  of 
  an 
  Indian 
  family 
  (Haenke, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  106), 
  and 
  

   the 
  animals 
  were 
  frequently 
  used 
  as 
  beasts 
  of 
  direct 
  burden. 
  This 
  

   was 
  especially 
  true 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  Province, 
  where 
  the 
  Indians 
  made 
  a 
  prac- 
  

   tice 
  of 
  breaking 
  the 
  oxen 
  to 
  many 
  tasks 
  reserved 
  elsewhere 
  for 
  asses 
  

   and 
  mules 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:359). 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  cattle 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  to 
  

   have 
  been 
  fully 
  assimilated 
  by 
  the 
  Quechua. 
  Dried 
  beef 
  (charqui) 
  and 
  

   cheeses 
  became 
  valued 
  elements 
  of 
  diet. 
  The 
  leather 
  industries 
  were 
  

   assiduously 
  cultivated, 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  all 
  kinds 
  of 
  

   bags, 
  panniers, 
  and 
  frails. 
  Tallow 
  was 
  used 
  for 
  the 
  manufacture 
  of 
  

   candles, 
  highly 
  esteemed 
  by 
  the 
  Indians, 
  to 
  whom 
  this 
  form 
  of 
  artificial 
  

   light 
  was 
  unknown 
  in 
  antiquity. 
  Cobo 
  even 
  reports 
  upon 
  Indian 
  bull- 
  

   fighting 
  as 
  early 
  as 
  1610 
  in 
  Cuzco 
  (1890-95, 
  2:358-59). 
  To 
  meet 
  their 
  

  

  