﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  357 
  

  

  yard 
  centers, 
  producing 
  large 
  quantities 
  of 
  wine 
  for 
  export. 
  The 
  

   industry 
  was 
  soon 
  transferred 
  to 
  appropriate 
  districts 
  in 
  the 
  Sierra, 
  as 
  

   Asangaro 
  Province, 
  or 
  the 
  Cochabamba 
  (Valley, 
  or 
  Paspaya 
  Valley 
  

   (Vazquez 
  de 
  Espinosa, 
  1942, 
  pp. 
  619, 
  621; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:380). 
  

   But 
  throughout 
  Peru, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  wine 
  was 
  common 
  only 
  among 
  His- 
  

   panicized 
  Indians 
  of 
  some 
  wealth, 
  and 
  Haenke 
  notes 
  that 
  it 
  was 
  never 
  

   purchased 
  by 
  ordinary 
  Indians, 
  who 
  preferred 
  either 
  chicha 
  or 
  the 
  

   stronger 
  aguardiente 
  made 
  from 
  sugarcane 
  (Haenke, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  107; 
  

   Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:380). 
  It 
  should 
  be 
  emphasized 
  that 
  a 
  vineyard 
  has 
  

   no 
  other 
  purpose 
  than 
  to 
  produce 
  grapes 
  for 
  wine, 
  unlike 
  corn 
  or 
  sugar- 
  

   cane 
  fields. 
  Both 
  corn 
  and 
  sugarcane 
  yield 
  food, 
  drink, 
  fodder, 
  and 
  

   fuel; 
  vines 
  yield 
  only 
  grapes, 
  and 
  preempt 
  valuable 
  food-growing 
  land. 
  

   Thus 
  vioeyards 
  may 
  be 
  classified 
  among 
  those 
  elements 
  of 
  European 
  

   agriculture 
  which 
  found 
  commercial 
  acceptance 
  in 
  Peru, 
  but 
  failed 
  to 
  

   pass 
  into 
  the 
  Quechua 
  community 
  economy. 
  2 
  

  

  The 
  same 
  classification 
  may 
  be 
  applied 
  to 
  many 
  European 
  fruit 
  

   trees. 
  Apples, 
  peaches, 
  and 
  apricots, 
  citrus 
  fruits, 
  almonds, 
  and 
  

   plums 
  all 
  grew 
  well 
  in 
  the 
  temperate 
  valleys 
  of 
  the 
  Highland, 
  especi- 
  

   ally 
  in 
  Arequipa, 
  Cuzco, 
  Huamanga, 
  and 
  Huanuco 
  districts 
  (Cobo, 
  

   1890-95, 
  2:393-95), 
  but 
  the 
  land 
  necessary 
  for 
  the 
  planting 
  of 
  

   orchards 
  and 
  groves 
  could 
  not 
  easily 
  be 
  afforded 
  by 
  the 
  Indian 
  

   communities, 
  with 
  their 
  reduced 
  control 
  of 
  the 
  fertile 
  valley 
  

   bottoms. 
  Nor 
  could 
  the 
  specialized 
  care 
  of 
  fruit 
  trees 
  be 
  easily 
  

   reconciled 
  with 
  traditional 
  Indian 
  habits 
  of 
  agricultural 
  labor. 
  The 
  

   Quechua 
  cultivation 
  of 
  maize 
  or 
  potatoes 
  has 
  a 
  rigid, 
  semiceremonial 
  

   character 
  (see 
  Poma 
  de 
  Ayala, 
  1936, 
  pp. 
  1,130-60), 
  little 
  affected 
  

   by 
  European 
  tools 
  or 
  methods. 
  No 
  alien 
  crop 
  or 
  harvest 
  of 
  marginal 
  

   value 
  could 
  be 
  assimilated 
  which 
  interfered 
  too 
  largely 
  with 
  the 
  rituals 
  

   of 
  communal 
  agriculture. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  fourth 
  place, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  pointed 
  out 
  that 
  some 
  acceptances 
  

   are 
  conditional 
  upon 
  others. 
  The 
  integral 
  acceptance 
  of 
  cattle 
  

   raising 
  and 
  horse 
  raising 
  necessitated 
  the 
  growing 
  of 
  certain 
  feed 
  crops. 
  

   Thus 
  the 
  great 
  spread 
  of 
  alfalfa 
  (Medicago 
  sativa) 
  in 
  Colonial 
  Peru 
  is 
  

   a 
  function 
  of 
  the 
  diffusion 
  of 
  beasts 
  of 
  burden. 
  Indian 
  selectivity 
  

   among 
  European 
  cereals 
  was 
  strongly 
  conditioned 
  by 
  the 
  suitability 
  

   of 
  the 
  species 
  for 
  fodder. 
  Cobo 
  provided 
  extremely 
  interesting 
  notices 
  

   (1890-95, 
  2:416-17) 
  to 
  the 
  effect 
  that 
  barley 
  (Hordeum 
  vulgare) 
  and 
  

   rye 
  (Secale 
  cereale) 
  were 
  little 
  cultivated 
  in 
  the 
  mid-17th 
  century, 
  in 
  

   spite 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  barley 
  withstands 
  far 
  higher 
  altitudes 
  than 
  

   wheat, 
  being 
  cultivated 
  today 
  at 
  levels 
  higher 
  than 
  13,000 
  feet 
  (4,100 
  

   m.) 
  (Sapper, 
  1938, 
  p. 
  44). 
  The 
  reason 
  may 
  well 
  be 
  that 
  alfalfa 
  and 
  

   maize 
  provided 
  the 
  necessary 
  fodder 
  at 
  less 
  cost 
  of 
  labor 
  than 
  barley 
  

   and 
  rye. 
  These 
  cereals, 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  could 
  not 
  compete 
  suc- 
  

  

  * 
  Cobo, 
  however, 
  provides 
  the 
  interesting 
  note 
  that 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  custom 
  of 
  treading 
  the 
  grapes 
  in 
  cloth 
  

   sacks 
  was 
  an 
  Indian 
  invention, 
  developed 
  in 
  Nasca 
  Valley 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:380). 
  

  

  