﻿358 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  cessfully 
  with 
  wheat, 
  which 
  was 
  preferred 
  by 
  Spaniards, 
  nor 
  with 
  

   maize 
  and 
  quinoa, 
  which 
  remained 
  the 
  staples 
  of 
  Quechua 
  diet. 
  Rice, 
  

   it 
  might 
  be 
  noted, 
  found 
  a 
  congenial 
  environment 
  in 
  the 
  tierras 
  yungas 
  

   of 
  the 
  Coast 
  and 
  eastern 
  Highlands, 
  where 
  neither 
  wheat 
  nor 
  barley 
  

   might 
  thrive 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:416); 
  there 
  it 
  served 
  the 
  European 
  

   need 
  for 
  some 
  basic 
  cereal 
  other 
  than 
  maize, 
  although 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  evi- 
  

   dence 
  that 
  rice 
  was 
  an 
  appreciable 
  addition 
  to 
  Highland 
  Quechua 
  

   diet. 
  Thus, 
  one 
  gains 
  the 
  impression 
  that 
  none 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  cereals 
  

   imported 
  from 
  Europe 
  had 
  more 
  than 
  local 
  triumphs 
  over 
  native 
  

   maize, 
  potatoes, 
  and 
  quinoa. 
  With 
  garden 
  vegetables, 
  so 
  highly 
  

   esteemed 
  by 
  the 
  White 
  colonists 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:432-34), 
  no 
  Indian 
  

   acceptance 
  can 
  be 
  shown. 
  Not 
  only 
  was 
  produce 
  gardening 
  too 
  

   highly 
  specialized 
  an 
  activity, 
  but 
  there 
  were 
  no 
  by-products, 
  and 
  the 
  

   vegetables, 
  such 
  as 
  lettuces, 
  cabbages, 
  and 
  so 
  on 
  were 
  not 
  related 
  to 
  

   any 
  preexist 
  ent 
  need 
  in 
  Indian 
  life. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  not 
  unlikely 
  that 
  the 
  adoption 
  of 
  one 
  member 
  of 
  a 
  closely 
  re- 
  

   lated 
  group 
  of 
  species 
  precluded 
  the 
  immediate 
  assimilation 
  of 
  other 
  

   members 
  of 
  that 
  group. 
  For 
  example, 
  Cobo 
  relates 
  that 
  asses 
  and 
  

   mules 
  were 
  not 
  nearly 
  so 
  extensively 
  raised 
  in 
  his 
  time 
  as 
  horses 
  and 
  

   cattle 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  2:362). 
  And 
  wheat 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  triumphed 
  

   over 
  barley 
  before 
  1653. 
  Similarly, 
  chickens 
  nourished 
  abundantly 
  

   (fig. 
  36, 
  d). 
  Eggs 
  and 
  fowls 
  were 
  required 
  in 
  most 
  tribute 
  lists. 
  Cobo 
  

   opined 
  (1890-95, 
  2:376) 
  that 
  no 
  other 
  European 
  barnyard 
  animal 
  had 
  

   thrived 
  so 
  extensively 
  in 
  Peru. 
  The 
  Indians 
  themselves, 
  it 
  should 
  

   be 
  noted, 
  rarely 
  killed 
  chickens 
  or 
  ate 
  eggs, 
  preferring 
  always 
  to 
  mar- 
  

   ket 
  both 
  (Haenke, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  106) 
  . 
  3 
  The 
  corollary 
  of 
  this 
  commercial 
  

   assimilation 
  of 
  chickens 
  is 
  perhaps 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  geese 
  

   were 
  not 
  introduced 
  until 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century 
  (Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  

   2:377). 
  Pigeons, 
  nevertheless, 
  had 
  multiplied 
  greatly 
  by 
  1650, 
  and 
  

   were 
  widespread 
  throughout 
  Perti. 
  Yet 
  with 
  this 
  general 
  proposition, 
  

   that 
  the 
  assimilation 
  of 
  one 
  of 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  species 
  precluded 
  the 
  imme- 
  

   diate 
  adoption 
  of 
  others, 
  some 
  measure 
  of 
  historical 
  change 
  is 
  present. 
  

   At 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  many 
  Highland 
  provinces 
  were 
  notable 
  

   mule-raising 
  areas 
  (e. 
  g., 
  Tinta), 
  while 
  in 
  others 
  barley 
  and 
  rye 
  were 
  

   more 
  extensively 
  cultivated 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  17th 
  century. 
  Thus 
  with 
  the 
  

   maturity 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  economy, 
  the 
  diversity 
  of 
  the 
  mother- 
  

   country's 
  plants 
  and 
  animals 
  came 
  gradually 
  to 
  be 
  reproduced. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  European 
  species 
  which 
  satisfied 
  all 
  the 
  requisites 
  for 
  

   Indian 
  assimilation 
  must 
  be 
  listed 
  pigs, 
  sheep, 
  and 
  goats. 
  They 
  

   survived 
  at 
  different 
  altitudes: 
  their 
  by-products 
  were 
  numerous; 
  

   they 
  did 
  not 
  endanger 
  the 
  equilibrium 
  of 
  the 
  community 
  economy 
  

   by 
  special 
  needs 
  in 
  fodder 
  and 
  care; 
  and 
  their 
  maintenance 
  was 
  not 
  

   foreign 
  to 
  people 
  long 
  accustomed 
  to 
  llama-raising 
  activities. 
  Pigs, 
  

  

  « 
  Cobo 
  reports 
  that 
  cock 
  fighting 
  was 
  not 
  practiced 
  in 
  Peru 
  before 
  his 
  time, 
  although 
  he 
  had 
  observed 
  it 
  

   in 
  New 
  Spain, 
  where 
  it 
  was 
  introduced 
  by 
  Chinese 
  (1890-95,[2:378). 
  

  

  