﻿360 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  After 
  1569 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  found 
  it 
  desirable 
  to 
  expand 
  and 
  gener- 
  

   alize 
  the 
  technique 
  of 
  the 
  reducci6n. 
  In 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  of 
  his 
  

   predecessors, 
  Toledo 
  found 
  that 
  the 
  Indians 
  were 
  still 
  living 
  in 
  such 
  

   scattered 
  and 
  inaccessible 
  settlements 
  that 
  effective 
  missionary 
  work 
  

   was 
  virtually 
  impossible. 
  The 
  Indians 
  preferred 
  to 
  live 
  in 
  dispersal, 
  

   remote 
  from 
  Spanish 
  supervision, 
  and 
  close 
  to 
  the 
  pacarinas, 
  or 
  places 
  

   of 
  mythical 
  origin, 
  although 
  it 
  was 
  in 
  such 
  circumstances 
  that 
  the 
  

   Indians 
  were 
  most 
  heavily 
  subjected 
  to 
  the 
  tyrannies 
  of 
  their 
  curacas. 
  

   Hence, 
  the 
  campaign 
  of 
  reurbanization 
  was 
  intended 
  not 
  merely 
  to 
  

   improve 
  conditions 
  for 
  the 
  exploitation 
  of 
  Indian 
  labor, 
  but 
  to 
  clarify 
  

   and 
  regulate 
  the 
  structure 
  of 
  Indian 
  authority, 
  to 
  reduce 
  excessive 
  

   Indian 
  litigation 
  over 
  land 
  titles, 
  and 
  to 
  isolate 
  the 
  Indians 
  from 
  un- 
  

   desirable 
  elements 
  in 
  the 
  European 
  population. 
  (Lorente, 
  1867-72, 
  

   1:5 
  ff., 
  13 
  ff., 
  16-18 
  ff.; 
  Zimmermann, 
  1938, 
  pp. 
  72-73; 
  Vega, 
  1896, 
  p. 
  

   302 
  ff.) 
  

  

  These 
  new 
  settlements 
  were 
  usually 
  located 
  halfway 
  between 
  the 
  

   valley 
  bottoms 
  and 
  the 
  high 
  plateaus, 
  in 
  order 
  that 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  

   might, 
  in 
  typical 
  Quechua 
  fashion, 
  have 
  access 
  to 
  the 
  high 
  pastures 
  

   for 
  their 
  flocks, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  valley 
  bottoms 
  for 
  their 
  crops. 
  A 
  further 
  

   advantage 
  derived 
  from 
  such 
  locations 
  was 
  the 
  security 
  from 
  floods 
  

   and 
  run-off 
  torrents. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  settlements 
  had 
  artificially 
  leveled 
  

   plazas, 
  with 
  the 
  church 
  at 
  the 
  center 
  or 
  to 
  one 
  side. 
  

  

  Churches. 
  — 
  The 
  most 
  pretentious 
  edifices 
  are 
  usually 
  located 
  in 
  

   the 
  European 
  towns, 
  but 
  not 
  infrequently, 
  as 
  along 
  the 
  western 
  

   shores 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  at 
  Chucuito 
  or 
  Pomata 
  or 
  Puno, 
  extremely 
  

   elaborate 
  churches 
  were 
  built 
  by 
  Indian 
  labor 
  under 
  European 
  super- 
  

   vision 
  for 
  Indian 
  use 
  (Mariategui 
  Oliva, 
  1942). 
  Their 
  construction 
  

   and 
  decoration 
  involved 
  elaborate 
  outlays 
  of 
  money 
  and 
  labor. 
  Few 
  

   if 
  any 
  monuments 
  outside 
  Cuzco 
  may 
  be 
  definitely 
  assigned 
  to 
  the 
  16th 
  

   century; 
  as 
  with 
  the 
  cofradias, 
  the 
  intense 
  and 
  extensive 
  campaigns 
  of 
  

   building 
  activity 
  cannot 
  be 
  assigned 
  to 
  any 
  period 
  earlier 
  than 
  the 
  

   mid- 
  17th 
  century. 
  

  

  As 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  Spanish 
  America, 
  the 
  costs 
  of 
  church 
  building 
  were 
  

   borne 
  by 
  the 
  Indian 
  community. 
  In 
  settlements 
  where 
  churches 
  were 
  

   needed, 
  the 
  cash 
  funds 
  were 
  assigned 
  by 
  episcopal 
  order 
  from 
  the 
  

   tribute 
  share 
  produced 
  on 
  the 
  repartimiento. 
  The 
  tribute, 
  of 
  course, 
  

   was 
  levied 
  from 
  the 
  Indians. 
  It 
  was 
  expected, 
  in 
  addition, 
  that 
  the 
  

   Indians 
  donate 
  the 
  labor 
  involved; 
  this 
  levy 
  was 
  accomplished 
  

   through 
  the 
  mita. 
  

  

  Yet 
  it 
  would 
  be 
  a 
  falsification 
  to 
  assert 
  that 
  all 
  Colonial 
  church- 
  

   building 
  was 
  in 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  forced 
  labor. 
  On 
  the 
  contrary, 
  a 
  com- 
  

   munal 
  solidarity 
  was 
  given 
  expression 
  by 
  sustained 
  labor 
  upon 
  a 
  fine 
  

   edifice 
  destined 
  to 
  serve 
  the 
  religious 
  needs 
  of 
  all 
  settlers 
  and 
  to 
  house 
  

   the 
  ritual 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  agglomeration. 
  An 
  otherwise 
  unprepossessing 
  

   town 
  was 
  given 
  distinction 
  over 
  its 
  neighbors 
  by 
  the 
  possession 
  of 
  a 
  

  

  