﻿364 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [ 
  B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Certain 
  districts 
  at 
  the 
  eastern 
  frontier 
  made 
  a 
  specialty 
  of 
  lumber 
  

   industries, 
  and 
  in 
  Angaraes 
  Province, 
  many 
  Indians 
  were 
  carpenters 
  

   and 
  joiners, 
  producing 
  furniture 
  for 
  sale 
  in 
  neighboring 
  districts. 
  At 
  

   Racche 
  in 
  Tinta 
  Province, 
  ceramic 
  containers 
  were 
  manufactured, 
  and 
  

   glass 
  factories 
  existed 
  in 
  Cochabamba 
  Province. 
  In 
  La 
  Plata 
  Prov- 
  

   ince, 
  the 
  cylindrical 
  wooden 
  vessels 
  for 
  chicha, 
  called 
  keros, 
  were 
  

   made 
  and 
  painted. 
  Huanuco 
  supported 
  a 
  local 
  industry 
  of 
  manu- 
  

   facturing 
  roof 
  tiles 
  from 
  the 
  rinds 
  of 
  gourds 
  (Vazquez 
  de 
  Espinosa, 
  

   1942, 
  pp. 
  448, 
  655). 
  

  

  Silversmithing 
  was 
  an 
  important 
  industry, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  main 
  Colo- 
  

   nial 
  centers 
  were 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  Jauja, 
  where 
  the 
  Indian 
  craftsmen 
  con- 
  

   tinued 
  to 
  use 
  the 
  cubical 
  bronze 
  hammers 
  of 
  antiquity 
  (Vazquez 
  de 
  

   Espinosa, 
  1942, 
  pp. 
  475, 
  599). 
  Specifically 
  Peruvian 
  are 
  the 
  stirrups, 
  

   braziers, 
  tupus, 
  and 
  alms 
  dishes 
  of 
  Colonial 
  manufacture 
  (Harcourt, 
  

   n. 
  d.). 
  

  

  SOCIAL 
  AND 
  POLITICAL 
  ORGANIZATION 
  

  

  Encomienda. 
  — 
  The 
  conversion 
  of 
  the 
  individual 
  Indian 
  from 
  the 
  

   status 
  of 
  an 
  Inca 
  subject 
  into 
  a 
  Colonial 
  Quechua 
  was 
  achieved 
  by 
  

   means 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  grants 
  known 
  as 
  encomiendas. 
  The 
  reorgan- 
  

   ization 
  of 
  Indian 
  society, 
  the 
  orientation 
  of 
  the 
  economy, 
  and 
  the 
  

   adulteration 
  of 
  native 
  religion 
  were 
  made 
  possible 
  by 
  this 
  systematic 
  

   insertion 
  of 
  Spaniards 
  as 
  colonists 
  at 
  all 
  points 
  where 
  a 
  dense 
  Indian 
  

   population 
  existed* 
  

  

  The 
  term 
  encomienda 
  designates 
  the 
  fiduciary 
  commission 
  of 
  the 
  

   labor 
  of 
  Indians 
  to 
  a 
  White 
  colonist 
  who 
  is 
  their 
  trustee. 
  The 
  Indians 
  

   providing 
  the 
  labor 
  constituted 
  the 
  repartimiento 
  ; 
  the 
  colonist 
  is 
  the 
  

   encomendero 
  (fig. 
  37, 
  b) 
  (Torres 
  Saldamando, 
  1879-80, 
  vol. 
  3). 
  The 
  

   encomendero 
  owned 
  no 
  title 
  to 
  the 
  land 
  on 
  which 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  his 
  

   repartimiento 
  worked 
  and 
  lived, 
  although 
  he 
  was 
  entitled 
  to 
  a 
  fixed 
  

   share 
  of 
  the 
  fruits 
  of 
  their 
  labor. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  exercise 
  of 
  his 
  rights, 
  the 
  encomendero 
  destroyed 
  the 
  agrarian 
  

   economy 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  by 
  demanding 
  tribute 
  in 
  precious 
  metals 
  and 
  

   stones, 
  or 
  in 
  kinds 
  of 
  produce 
  which 
  were 
  not 
  locally 
  grown. 
  To 
  

   enforce 
  his 
  demands, 
  the 
  encomendero 
  was 
  obliged 
  to 
  terrorize 
  the 
  

   curaca, 
  who 
  in 
  turn 
  terrorized 
  the 
  tributaries 
  in 
  his 
  charge 
  (Santillan, 
  

   1879, 
  p. 
  55 
  ff.). 
  This 
  situation 
  arose 
  in 
  part 
  because 
  the 
  encomendero 
  

   was 
  forbidden 
  to 
  visit 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  his 
  repartimiento 
  or 
  to 
  demand 
  any 
  

   hospitality 
  from 
  them. 
  The 
  law 
  was 
  more 
  often 
  broken 
  than 
  observed, 
  

   but 
  in 
  theory 
  all 
  supervision 
  over 
  the 
  Indians 
  was 
  meant 
  to 
  be 
  exer- 
  

   cised 
  by 
  the 
  curacas 
  and 
  the 
  resident 
  clergy, 
  but 
  not 
  by 
  civilian 
  col- 
  

   onists 
  (Anonymous, 
  1889, 
  p. 
  166). 
  

  

  Matinzo 
  describes 
  in 
  detail 
  the 
  internal, 
  or 
  "minor," 
  government 
  of 
  

   each 
  repartimiento. 
  As 
  in 
  pre-Conquest 
  society, 
  the 
  moieties, 
  called 
  

   Hanansaya 
  and 
  Hurinsaya, 
  were 
  maintained. 
  Each 
  had 
  its 
  chief 
  

  

  