﻿366 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  (primera 
  persona, 
  segunda 
  persona), 
  who 
  refrained 
  from 
  all 
  inter- 
  

   ference 
  in 
  the 
  affairs 
  of 
  the 
  opposite 
  moiety, 
  with 
  the 
  exception 
  that 
  

   the 
  Hanansaya 
  chief 
  (primera 
  persona) 
  enjoyed 
  precedence 
  in 
  matters 
  

   of 
  protocol. 
  Each 
  moiety 
  consisted 
  of 
  several 
  ayllus, 
  and 
  at 
  public 
  

   functions 
  the 
  representatives 
  (curacas) 
  of 
  the 
  ayllus 
  of 
  the 
  Hanansayas 
  

   were 
  seated 
  on 
  the 
  right, 
  on 
  slightly 
  more 
  elevated 
  positions 
  than 
  the 
  

   Hurinsaya 
  curacas. 
  

  

  The 
  primera 
  persona 
  held 
  the 
  right 
  to 
  call 
  meetings 
  and 
  direct 
  gen- 
  

   eral 
  business 
  in 
  the 
  sense 
  of 
  the 
  chairman 
  of 
  a 
  committee. 
  He 
  was 
  

   also 
  the 
  public 
  accountant, 
  possessing 
  greater 
  skill 
  in 
  arithmetic 
  than 
  

   many 
  Spaniards. 
  The 
  curacas 
  of 
  each 
  ayllu 
  were 
  entrusted 
  with 
  the 
  

   collection 
  of 
  tribute. 
  The 
  total 
  tribute 
  for 
  the 
  community 
  was 
  depos- 
  

   ited 
  by 
  the 
  primera 
  persona 
  with 
  the 
  corregidor, 
  who 
  placed 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  

   community 
  cashbox 
  (caja 
  de 
  comunidad), 
  to 
  which 
  he 
  and 
  the 
  primera 
  

   persona 
  held 
  the 
  keys. 
  The 
  primera 
  persona 
  also 
  selected 
  and 
  assigned 
  

   the 
  Indians 
  to 
  the 
  work 
  at 
  the 
  mines, 
  in 
  the 
  Spanish 
  settlements, 
  in 
  

   the 
  tambos, 
  and 
  at 
  all 
  the 
  various 
  forms 
  of 
  draft 
  labor. 
  

  

  The 
  living 
  of 
  all 
  these 
  various 
  officials 
  was 
  supplied 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  tribute 
  

   collected 
  from 
  the 
  community. 
  Although 
  the 
  curacaships 
  and 
  higher 
  

   offices 
  were 
  traditionally 
  hereditary, 
  in 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  the 
  rule 
  was 
  

   that 
  the 
  curacas 
  and 
  other 
  officials 
  sanctioned 
  by 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  had 
  

   arisen 
  to 
  their 
  posts 
  by 
  cunning 
  and 
  by 
  connivance 
  with 
  the 
  encomen- 
  

   dero 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  visiting 
  judge 
  (Loaysa, 
  1889, 
  pp. 
  586-89). 
  

  

  In 
  general, 
  then, 
  most 
  rich 
  areas 
  of 
  Perti 
  were 
  caught 
  during 
  the 
  

   16th 
  century 
  in 
  the 
  network 
  of 
  the 
  encomiendas. 
  Few 
  provinces 
  

   escaped 
  colonization, 
  and 
  even 
  there, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  ~Neo-Inca 
  

   in 
  Vilcabamba, 
  the 
  flight 
  from 
  European 
  culture 
  produced 
  alienating 
  

   effects 
  in 
  Indian 
  society. 
  Colonial 
  Indian 
  life 
  as 
  a 
  whole 
  was 
  brought 
  

   into 
  being 
  by 
  the 
  encomienda; 
  as 
  such 
  it 
  was 
  a 
  creative 
  institution, 
  

   mediating 
  European 
  culture 
  for 
  large 
  native 
  populations. 
  At 
  the 
  

   same 
  time, 
  however, 
  the 
  proliferation 
  of 
  repartimientos 
  brought 
  about 
  

   certain 
  deep 
  disorders 
  in 
  Colonial 
  life. 
  

  

  For 
  example, 
  by 
  royal 
  decree 
  of 
  October 
  28, 
  1541, 
  the 
  pastures 
  and 
  

   streams 
  were 
  reserved 
  for 
  communal 
  use 
  by 
  all 
  members 
  of 
  Colonial 
  

   society 
  (Montesinos, 
  1906, 
  1:119). 
  In 
  practice, 
  however, 
  the 
  vast 
  

   holdings 
  of 
  the 
  Europeans 
  in 
  livestock 
  rapidly 
  crowded 
  available 
  pas- 
  

   turage 
  to 
  a 
  saturation 
  point 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  Indian 
  was 
  excluded 
  from 
  

   large 
  stock-raising 
  activities. 
  Thus, 
  although 
  the 
  encomendero 
  often 
  

   was 
  granted 
  no 
  title 
  to 
  any 
  land 
  (Falc6n, 
  1867, 
  p. 
  459), 
  he 
  had 
  access 
  

   to 
  such 
  a 
  reservoir 
  of 
  free 
  labor 
  that 
  he 
  could 
  accumulate 
  huge 
  herds, 
  

   2,000 
  to 
  20,000 
  head 
  in 
  number. 
  In 
  some 
  areas, 
  not 
  only 
  the 
  com- 
  

   munal 
  pastures 
  but 
  also 
  the 
  food-growing 
  areas 
  were 
  preempted 
  for 
  

   the 
  nourishment 
  of 
  these 
  herds. 
  As 
  the 
  land 
  was 
  withdrawn 
  from 
  

   Indian 
  use, 
  so 
  also 
  were 
  the 
  irrigation 
  waters 
  brought 
  under 
  European 
  

   control, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  Indians 
  could 
  neither 
  raise 
  adequate 
  crops 
  nor 
  

  

  