﻿370 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  felt 
  it 
  essential 
  that 
  the 
  corregidores 
  be 
  continued 
  

   after 
  his 
  administration 
  (Lorente, 
  1867-72, 
  1:20). 
  

  

  It 
  soon 
  became 
  apparent, 
  however, 
  that 
  from 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  view 
  of 
  

   humane 
  administration, 
  the 
  corregidores 
  were 
  a 
  worse 
  evil 
  than 
  the 
  

   situation 
  they 
  were 
  intended 
  to 
  remedy. 
  Their 
  salaries 
  were 
  so 
  small 
  

   that 
  they 
  found 
  it 
  necessary 
  to 
  supplement 
  their 
  incomes 
  with 
  pre- 
  

   cisely 
  the 
  kinds 
  of 
  extortion 
  they 
  were 
  meant 
  to 
  eradicate. 
  As 
  Whites 
  

   their 
  residence 
  among 
  the 
  Indians 
  was 
  an 
  exile 
  which 
  they 
  alleviated 
  

   by 
  illegally 
  surrounding 
  themselves 
  with 
  superfluous 
  deputies 
  and 
  

   servants 
  (Aponte, 
  1867, 
  p. 
  544). 
  

  

  It 
  should 
  be 
  noted 
  that 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  also 
  achieved 
  the 
  elimination 
  

   of 
  the 
  large 
  numbers 
  of 
  supernumerary 
  Indian 
  officials 
  in 
  each 
  commu- 
  

   nity. 
  The 
  mandones 
  supervising 
  groups 
  of 
  1 
  and 
  20 
  Indians 
  were 
  sup- 
  

   pressed 
  and 
  only 
  the 
  mandones 
  of 
  larger 
  groups, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  pachaca 
  

   (100 
  tributaries) 
  and 
  the 
  pisca 
  pachaca 
  (500 
  tributaries) 
  survived. 
  Thus, 
  

   the 
  cost 
  of 
  Indian 
  government 
  was 
  reduced, 
  but 
  in 
  place 
  of 
  the 
  swarm 
  

   of 
  Indian 
  officials, 
  there 
  appeared 
  the 
  Mestizos, 
  Negroes, 
  and 
  mulat- 
  

   toes 
  with 
  whom 
  the 
  corregidores 
  surrounded 
  themselves 
  (Montesclaros 
  

   1859, 
  p. 
  20). 
  Indian 
  participation 
  in 
  local 
  government 
  was 
  thereby 
  

   reduced 
  to 
  a 
  minimum 
  that 
  characterized 
  all 
  the 
  subsequent 
  genera- 
  

   tions 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  regime. 
  

  

  Tribute. 
  — 
  The 
  fundamental 
  quantum 
  of 
  Colonial 
  government 
  was 
  

   Indian 
  tribute. 
  Tribute 
  maintained 
  the 
  caste 
  and 
  status 
  of 
  the 
  

   Europeans 
  to 
  whom 
  encomiendas 
  had 
  been 
  awarded. 
  From 
  the 
  

   various 
  forms 
  of 
  tribute, 
  all 
  public 
  works, 
  religious 
  instruction, 
  

   monastic 
  foundations, 
  institutions 
  of 
  learning, 
  hospitals, 
  and 
  civil 
  

   salaries 
  were 
  provided. 
  In 
  the 
  individual 
  Indian 
  existence, 
  the 
  pay- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  tribute 
  occupied 
  a 
  central 
  position, 
  setting 
  the 
  tone 
  for 
  

   virtually 
  all 
  forms 
  of 
  activity. 
  

  

  The 
  great 
  differences 
  between 
  pre-Conquest 
  taxation 
  and 
  Colonial 
  

   tribute 
  must 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  the 
  differences 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  

   economies. 
  The 
  Inca 
  economy 
  was 
  self-sufficient. 
  Under 
  Colonial 
  

   administration, 
  however, 
  the 
  delicate 
  equilibrium 
  between 
  population 
  

   and 
  resources 
  was 
  upset 
  by 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  a 
  mercantile 
  econ- 
  

   omy 
  based 
  upon 
  exports 
  and 
  imports. 
  Vast 
  quantities 
  of 
  local 
  

   products 
  were 
  traded 
  abroad 
  for 
  necessities 
  and 
  luxury 
  goods, 
  such 
  as 
  

   wines 
  and 
  textiles, 
  armor 
  and 
  tools. 
  The 
  absolute 
  demand 
  upon 
  

   Indian 
  productive 
  capacity 
  was 
  raised 
  to 
  a 
  multiple 
  of 
  the 
  capacity 
  

   itself 
  (Santillan, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  74-75). 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  system 
  of 
  compulsion 
  to 
  labor 
  had 
  provided 
  an 
  elaborate 
  

   and 
  efficient 
  scale 
  of 
  rewards 
  for 
  work 
  achieved. 
  The 
  absence 
  of 
  such 
  

   rewards 
  in 
  the 
  Colonial 
  exploitation 
  of 
  labor 
  seriously 
  affected 
  the 
  

   social 
  morality 
  of 
  Quechua 
  life. 
  Since 
  the 
  curacas 
  of 
  huarangas 
  and 
  

   pachacas, 
  instead 
  of 
  receiving 
  exemptions 
  for 
  their 
  labors 
  of 
  super- 
  

   vision 
  and 
  administration, 
  were 
  reckoned 
  as 
  tributaries, 
  they 
  found 
  it 
  

  

  