﻿Vol.2] 
  COLONIAL 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  KUBLER 
  371 
  

  

  necessary 
  to 
  exploit 
  their 
  subordinates 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  meet 
  their 
  own 
  

   tribute 
  payments. 
  Thus 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  Colonial 
  government 
  devolved 
  

   upon 
  the 
  members 
  of 
  the 
  society 
  least 
  able 
  to 
  meet 
  the 
  charges, 
  and 
  

   the 
  moral 
  responsibilities 
  of 
  government 
  were 
  disregarded 
  by 
  the 
  

   minor 
  authorities. 
  

  

  Mita. 
  — 
  During 
  the 
  protracted 
  disorders 
  following 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  

   extravagant 
  demands 
  were 
  made 
  upon 
  Indian 
  labor, 
  endangering 
  the 
  

   basic 
  agricultural 
  and 
  stock-raising 
  economy. 
  A 
  modification 
  of 
  the 
  

   pre-Conquest 
  mita 
  was 
  accordingly 
  introduced 
  as 
  a 
  measure 
  for 
  sta- 
  

   bilizing 
  food 
  production, 
  in 
  which 
  only 
  a 
  limited 
  number 
  of 
  Indians 
  

   was 
  expected 
  to 
  appear 
  for 
  hire 
  at 
  stated 
  intervals 
  (Montesclaros, 
  

   1859, 
  p. 
  23). 
  The 
  mitayo 
  was 
  paid 
  for 
  his 
  labors 
  partly 
  in 
  cash, 
  in 
  

   the 
  hope 
  that 
  his 
  sense 
  of 
  monetary 
  values 
  would 
  be 
  affirmed 
  (Lin 
  an, 
  

   1859, 
  pp. 
  303-04). 
  The 
  proportion 
  of 
  draft 
  labor 
  drawn 
  into 
  service 
  

   varied 
  both 
  according 
  to 
  region 
  and 
  time. 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  had 
  

   legislated 
  that 
  only 
  one-seventh 
  of 
  the 
  dwellers 
  in 
  any 
  settlement 
  

   should 
  be 
  liable. 
  In 
  the 
  17th 
  century, 
  this 
  ratio 
  grew 
  slowly 
  (Mon- 
  

   tesclaros, 
  1859, 
  p. 
  23). 
  By 
  1620, 
  one-seventh 
  prevailed 
  only 
  for 
  the 
  

   Sierra, 
  excepting 
  Potosi; 
  one-sixth 
  was 
  the 
  ratio 
  on 
  the 
  Coast; 
  and 
  in 
  

   the 
  Audiencia 
  of 
  Quito, 
  the 
  most 
  populous 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  Viceroyalty 
  of 
  

   Perti, 
  one-fifth 
  was 
  drafted 
  (Esquilache, 
  1620, 
  in 
  Memorias, 
  1859, 
  1 
  : 
  89). 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  16th 
  century, 
  the 
  mita 
  had 
  been 
  restricted 
  to 
  public 
  works, 
  

   but 
  as 
  early 
  as 
  1615 
  the 
  legal 
  use 
  of 
  draft 
  labor 
  had 
  been 
  extended 
  to 
  

   textile 
  manufactures 
  and 
  to 
  mining 
  enterprises. 
  It 
  remained 
  for- 
  

   bidden, 
  however, 
  to 
  utilize 
  mitayos 
  in 
  the 
  search 
  for 
  treasure 
  among 
  

   the 
  huacas, 
  in 
  the 
  coca 
  industry 
  (cedula 
  of 
  1609), 
  in 
  vineyards, 
  olive 
  

   plantations, 
  sugarcane 
  mills, 
  and 
  in 
  lumber 
  industries 
  (Montesclaros, 
  

   1859, 
  pp. 
  25-27). 
  

  

  In 
  any 
  case, 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  done 
  in 
  mita 
  varied 
  according 
  to 
  

   the 
  resources 
  of 
  the 
  province. 
  In 
  mining 
  areas, 
  all 
  mitayos 
  served 
  

   the 
  mines, 
  as 
  described 
  below. 
  In 
  agricultural 
  and 
  manufacturing 
  

   areas, 
  the 
  mita 
  was 
  dedicated 
  to 
  those 
  activities. 
  

  

  The 
  exploitation 
  of 
  the 
  great 
  mines 
  of 
  Peru 
  was 
  achieved 
  at 
  all 
  

   times 
  during 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  by 
  Indian 
  draft 
  labor. 
  An 
  elaborate 
  

   mechanism 
  for 
  the 
  administration 
  of 
  this 
  mita 
  was 
  first 
  set 
  up 
  by 
  

   Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  in 
  the 
  decade 
  of 
  the 
  1570's. 
  Later 
  on, 
  in 
  the 
  17th 
  

   and 
  18th 
  centuries, 
  the 
  service 
  of 
  the 
  mines 
  enforced 
  many 
  cultural 
  

   adjustments 
  upon 
  the 
  thousands 
  of 
  Qaechua 
  families 
  dedicated 
  to 
  it. 
  

   The 
  entire 
  Colonial 
  epoch 
  in 
  Perti 
  has 
  not 
  incorrectly 
  been 
  designated 
  

   as 
  a 
  vast 
  religious 
  and 
  political 
  organization 
  for 
  the 
  exploitation 
  of 
  

   the 
  mines 
  (Belaunde, 
  1932, 
  p. 
  11). 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  census 
  taken 
  during 
  his 
  visita 
  general, 
  Viceroy 
  

   Toledo 
  assigned 
  the 
  necessary 
  Indians 
  to 
  the 
  mita 
  of 
  a 
  given 
  mining 
  

   center 
  from 
  among 
  the 
  provinces 
  neighboring 
  the 
  mines. 
  For 
  example, 
  

   17 
  provinces 
  surrounding 
  Potosi 
  were 
  known 
  to 
  contain 
  a 
  population 
  

  

  