﻿378 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  sible 
  positions 
  to 
  constitute 
  a 
  reliable 
  laboring 
  class, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  had 
  

   perverted 
  this 
  order 
  of 
  affairs 
  through 
  inflation, 
  until 
  there 
  were 
  as 
  

   many 
  yanaconas 
  as 
  hatunrunas. 
  In 
  the 
  16th 
  century, 
  then, 
  the 
  

   yanaconas 
  came 
  to 
  form 
  a 
  rootless, 
  floating 
  proletariat. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  last 
  quarter 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century, 
  the 
  yanacona 
  class 
  

   was 
  stabilized 
  by 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  legislative 
  measures, 
  originally 
  proposed 
  

   by 
  Matienzo 
  (1910, 
  p. 
  21). 
  Their 
  substance 
  was 
  as 
  follows: 
  The 
  

   creation 
  of 
  new 
  yanaconas 
  from 
  among 
  repartimiento 
  Indians 
  was 
  for- 
  

   bidden 
  in 
  1571; 
  those 
  Indians 
  who 
  had 
  become 
  yanaconas 
  since 
  1561 
  

   were 
  forbidden 
  to 
  return 
  to 
  the 
  repartimientos; 
  all 
  vagrant 
  yanaconas 
  

   were 
  to 
  be 
  assigned 
  to 
  masters; 
  no 
  Negro, 
  Mulatto, 
  or 
  vagabond 
  

   Mestizo 
  was 
  allowed 
  to 
  hold 
  yanaconas 
  without 
  license; 
  no 
  yanacona 
  

   might 
  leave 
  his 
  employ, 
  or 
  be 
  expelled 
  from 
  it 
  without 
  proper 
  license; 
  

   no 
  yanacona 
  might 
  leave 
  the 
  mines 
  at 
  which 
  he 
  was 
  resident; 
  no 
  Span- 
  

   iard 
  was 
  to 
  allow 
  his 
  yanaconas 
  to 
  wander 
  idle 
  or 
  intoxicated 
  under 
  

   penalty 
  of 
  fine 
  and 
  expropriation; 
  finally, 
  no 
  yanacona's 
  wife 
  was 
  to 
  be 
  

   separated 
  from 
  her 
  husband. 
  (Cf. 
  Loaysa, 
  1889, 
  pp. 
  603-05.) 
  The 
  

   final 
  consequence 
  of 
  these 
  regulations 
  was 
  that 
  the 
  yanacona 
  caste 
  

   gradually 
  returned 
  to 
  the 
  status 
  of 
  the 
  tribute-paying 
  mitayo, 
  and 
  the 
  

   name 
  survived 
  only 
  in 
  a 
  special 
  and 
  limited 
  sense 
  in 
  the 
  later 
  decades 
  of 
  

   the 
  Colonial 
  era. 
  

  

  A 
  close 
  bond 
  of 
  interest 
  existed 
  between 
  the 
  yanaconas 
  and 
  the 
  

   European 
  conquerors 
  and 
  colonists. 
  The 
  defeat 
  of 
  Manco 
  Inca's 
  

   great 
  rebellion 
  was 
  materially 
  advanced 
  through 
  the 
  opposition 
  of 
  the 
  

   yanaconas 
  of 
  Cuzco. 
  One 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  peculiar 
  and 
  suggestive 
  aspects 
  

   of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  of 
  Peril 
  resides 
  in 
  this 
  alliance 
  between 
  the 
  members 
  

   of 
  a 
  native 
  proletariat 
  and 
  the 
  feudatory 
  Europeans. 
  Two 
  typologi- 
  

   cally 
  disconnected 
  forms 
  of 
  human 
  society 
  gravitated 
  together, 
  pro- 
  

   ducing 
  a 
  fusion 
  of 
  forces 
  whose 
  importance 
  has 
  never 
  been 
  properly 
  

   studied. 
  It 
  is 
  in 
  this 
  transfer 
  of 
  the 
  strength 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  proletariat 
  

   to 
  the 
  Spanish 
  cause, 
  that 
  we 
  may 
  detect 
  the 
  final 
  and 
  normative 
  form 
  

   of 
  Colonial 
  society, 
  in 
  which 
  virtually 
  the 
  entire 
  Indian 
  population 
  was 
  

   leveled 
  to 
  a 
  proletarian 
  status. 
  

  

  The 
  general 
  structure 
  of 
  Quechua 
  society 
  contains 
  these 
  few 
  strata: 
  

   curacas, 
  hatunrunas, 
  and 
  yanaconas. 
  From 
  a 
  highly 
  articulated 
  

   society 
  under 
  Inca 
  rule, 
  Quechua 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  Colonial 
  period 
  rapidly 
  

   evolved 
  toward 
  a 
  two-class 
  system 
  of 
  proletariat 
  and 
  foreman. 
  The 
  

   higher 
  ranks 
  of 
  Indian 
  authority 
  disintegrated 
  with 
  the 
  suppression 
  of 
  

   the 
  Incaship; 
  at 
  the 
  other 
  extreme, 
  the 
  yanacona 
  became 
  a 
  dominant 
  

   class, 
  nomadic 
  in 
  character, 
  and 
  absorbing 
  many 
  elements 
  from 
  the 
  

   ayllus. 
  Thus 
  we 
  have 
  a 
  vagrant 
  proletariat 
  (yanacona) 
  under 
  im- 
  

   mediate 
  Spanish 
  control, 
  and 
  a 
  sedentary 
  proletariat 
  (hatunrunas), 
  

   the 
  latter 
  immediately 
  governed 
  by 
  the 
  curacas. 
  Of 
  equal 
  signifi- 
  

   cance 
  with 
  the 
  decapitation 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  state, 
  then, 
  are 
  these 
  phe- 
  

   nomena 
  of 
  turbulence 
  induced 
  by 
  the 
  Conquest 
  in 
  the 
  lowest 
  rank 
  of 
  

  

  