﻿384 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  enough 
  corn 
  at 
  nearby 
  fields 
  (Valverde, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  34, 
  43). 
  The 
  

   Indians, 
  on 
  the 
  contrary 
  > 
  had 
  to 
  demobilize 
  huge 
  numbers 
  of 
  men 
  for 
  

   agricultural 
  labor, 
  and 
  this 
  cumulative 
  drain 
  upon 
  their 
  strength 
  

   finally 
  contributed 
  to 
  the 
  failure 
  of 
  the 
  rebellion. 
  

  

  Manco 
  commanded 
  a 
  popular 
  army 
  at 
  Cuzco, 
  levied 
  from 
  all 
  avail- 
  

   able 
  sources. 
  It 
  certainly 
  lacked 
  the 
  professional 
  training 
  of 
  the 
  

   pre-Conquest 
  Inca 
  armies, 
  and 
  in 
  battle 
  its 
  behavior 
  was 
  that 
  of 
  a 
  

   surging 
  rabble, 
  while 
  in 
  defeat 
  the 
  defection 
  of 
  large 
  contingents 
  

   was 
  a 
  daily 
  phenomenon. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  systematically 
  exploited 
  all 
  

   the 
  weaknesses 
  of 
  such 
  an 
  agrarian 
  militia. 
  They 
  harvested 
  or 
  burned 
  

   the 
  crops 
  sown 
  with 
  great 
  difficulty 
  by 
  the 
  Indian 
  armies. 
  Prisoners 
  

   of 
  battle 
  were 
  mutilated, 
  usually 
  by 
  cutting 
  off 
  their 
  right 
  hand 
  

   (Valverde, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  44). 
  In 
  the 
  fourth 
  month 
  of 
  the 
  siege, 
  the 
  Span- 
  

   iards 
  adopted 
  a 
  devastating 
  practice. 
  The 
  besiegers 
  composed 
  a 
  

   mass 
  of 
  humanity 
  in 
  which 
  only 
  a 
  fraction 
  was 
  tactically 
  effective. 
  

   The 
  great 
  remainder 
  consisted 
  of 
  women 
  and 
  children 
  and 
  families 
  of 
  

   the 
  fighting 
  men. 
  The 
  food 
  and 
  care 
  of 
  the 
  attackers 
  were 
  provided 
  

   by 
  these 
  camp-followers, 
  and 
  Hernando 
  Pizarro 
  ordered 
  that 
  all 
  women 
  

   caught 
  in 
  battle 
  be 
  killed 
  (Valverde, 
  1879, 
  p. 
  52). 
  The 
  progressive 
  

   demoralization 
  caused 
  by 
  this 
  practice 
  contributed 
  largely 
  to 
  Manco 
  's 
  

   withdrawal 
  from 
  Cuzco 
  in 
  February 
  1537, 
  in 
  the 
  10th 
  month 
  of 
  the 
  

   siege. 
  

  

  Finally, 
  a 
  major 
  cause 
  of 
  the 
  failure 
  of 
  the 
  rebellion 
  was 
  Manco 
  '& 
  

   lack 
  of 
  control 
  over 
  the 
  proletariat 
  of 
  the 
  yanaconas 
  distributed 
  

   throughout 
  Peru. 
  These 
  servants 
  functioned 
  as 
  spies, 
  domestics, 
  pro- 
  

   viders, 
  and 
  nurses 
  for 
  the 
  Spaniards. 
  Above 
  all, 
  they 
  could 
  mingle 
  

   freely 
  among 
  the 
  rebels 
  to 
  learn 
  their 
  plans 
  of 
  attack 
  (Pizarro, 
  P., 
  

   1921, 
  1:330). 
  Against 
  such 
  large-scale 
  espionage, 
  Manco 
  had 
  no 
  

   protection. 
  

  

  In 
  Manco 
  's 
  defense, 
  it 
  should 
  be 
  pointed 
  out 
  that 
  he 
  had 
  no 
  choice 
  

   but 
  to 
  attack 
  in 
  mass. 
  He 
  had 
  had 
  some 
  experience 
  with 
  Spanish 
  

   weapons 
  and 
  tactics 
  during 
  the 
  campaign 
  against 
  Quizquiz, 
  in 
  1535, 
  

   where 
  he 
  served 
  as 
  an 
  Indian 
  auxiliary. 
  When 
  planning 
  his 
  own 
  

   campaign 
  against 
  the 
  Spaniards, 
  however, 
  Manco 
  faced 
  the 
  dilemma 
  

   of 
  choosing 
  either 
  to 
  use 
  untrained 
  masses 
  of 
  men 
  or 
  to 
  approximate 
  

   European 
  tactics 
  without 
  the 
  proper 
  equipment. 
  That 
  he 
  decided 
  

   upon 
  tbe 
  mass 
  attack 
  was 
  reasonable 
  and 
  fitting. 
  

  

  The 
  rebellions 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century. 
  — 
  The 
  last 
  century 
  of 
  the 
  

   Colonial 
  era 
  was 
  punctuated 
  by 
  Indian 
  rebellions, 
  occurring 
  at 
  fre- 
  

   quent 
  intervals 
  throughout 
  Perti. 
  The 
  normal 
  form 
  was 
  that 
  of 
  local 
  

   riots, 
  occasionally 
  involving 
  whole 
  provinces, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  animosity 
  

   of 
  the 
  Indians 
  was 
  directed 
  against 
  their 
  corregidores. 
  Indian 
  rebel- 
  

   lion 
  was 
  usually 
  conducted 
  within 
  a 
  framework 
  of 
  loyalty 
  to 
  Church 
  

   and 
  Crown; 
  these 
  institutions 
  were 
  rarely 
  questioned, 
  and 
  the 
  causes 
  

   of 
  social 
  oppression 
  were 
  identified 
  by 
  the 
  Indians 
  with 
  the 
  minor 
  

  

  