﻿394 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  direction, 
  the 
  tributary 
  was 
  expected 
  to 
  do 
  unadorned 
  work 
  for 
  6 
  

   days, 
  divorced 
  from 
  all 
  forms 
  of 
  ritual 
  behavior. 
  His 
  daily 
  devo- 
  

   tions 
  were 
  a 
  separate 
  category, 
  and 
  labor, 
  from 
  being 
  a 
  form 
  of 
  piety, 
  

   was 
  degraded 
  into 
  physical 
  toil, 
  without 
  spiritual 
  compensation. 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  great 
  reformer, 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo, 
  this 
  problem 
  of 
  " 
  psycholog- 
  

   ical 
  unemployment" 
  never 
  presented 
  itself. 
  To 
  the 
  administrator, 
  

   the 
  real 
  problem 
  was 
  quite 
  different, 
  and 
  it 
  had 
  a 
  double 
  aspect: 
  

   to 
  educate 
  the 
  Indians 
  to 
  systematic 
  habits 
  of 
  work, 
  and 
  to 
  regulate 
  

   the 
  extravagant 
  demands 
  made 
  upon 
  their 
  labor 
  by 
  private 
  parties. 
  

  

  Alcoholism. 
  — 
  One 
  result 
  of 
  these 
  solutions 
  to 
  the 
  problem 
  of 
  leisure 
  

   was 
  vastly 
  to 
  increase 
  the 
  Indian 
  consumption 
  of 
  alcohol. 
  Drunken- 
  

   ness, 
  induced 
  by 
  consuming 
  large 
  quantities 
  of 
  chicha 
  or 
  sora, 
  was 
  

   more 
  common 
  than 
  in 
  antiquity, 
  when 
  it 
  had 
  been 
  restricted 
  to 
  cere- 
  

   monial 
  occasions 
  (Santillan, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  77-79). 
  In 
  the 
  19th 
  century, 
  

   Indian 
  alcoholism 
  presented 
  a 
  serious 
  social 
  problem, 
  since 
  govern- 
  

   ment 
  revenue 
  had 
  in 
  large 
  part 
  to 
  be 
  raised 
  from 
  taxes 
  on 
  alcohol. 
  

   As 
  Belaunde 
  points 
  out 
  (1932, 
  p. 
  98 
  ff.), 
  one-seventh 
  of 
  all 
  government 
  

   income 
  was 
  derived 
  between 
  1869 
  and 
  1903 
  from 
  this 
  source. 
  But 
  

   Belaunde, 
  in 
  moralizing 
  upon 
  Indian 
  alcoholic 
  degradation, 
  takes 
  no 
  

   account 
  of 
  the 
  increase 
  in 
  population, 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  gradual 
  exploitation 
  

   of 
  alcoholic 
  consumption 
  by 
  tax 
  collectors. 
  

  

  Coca. 
  — 
  In 
  his 
  daily 
  life 
  the 
  Quechua 
  had 
  access 
  to 
  a 
  luxury 
  which 
  

   had 
  been 
  denied 
  him 
  under 
  the 
  Inca 
  rule: 
  coca. 
  In 
  antiquity, 
  the 
  use 
  

   of 
  coca 
  was 
  subject 
  to 
  strict 
  regulations 
  and 
  was 
  commonly 
  enjoyed 
  

   only 
  by 
  the 
  ruling 
  caste. 
  In 
  the 
  Colonial 
  era 
  its 
  cultivation 
  was 
  

   commercially 
  encouraged, 
  and 
  the 
  narcotic 
  was 
  used 
  by 
  Indians 
  

   throughout 
  Venezuela, 
  New 
  Granada, 
  Quito, 
  and 
  Peru. 
  It 
  was 
  

   grown 
  chiefly 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  between 
  Huamanga 
  and 
  La 
  Plata. 
  

   The 
  mastication 
  of 
  the 
  leaves 
  allayed 
  thirst 
  and 
  hunger; 
  within 
  

   certain 
  limits 
  the 
  herb 
  supplied 
  dietary 
  deficiencies; 
  its 
  cultivation 
  

   was 
  arduous 
  only 
  where 
  the 
  first 
  breaking 
  of 
  the 
  ground 
  was 
  con- 
  

   cerned; 
  the 
  industry 
  was 
  a 
  business 
  for 
  some 
  2,000 
  Spaniards 
  in 
  the 
  

   16th 
  century; 
  and 
  the 
  leaves 
  conveniently 
  were 
  circulated 
  as 
  currency 
  

   among 
  the 
  Indians 
  themselves. 
  Matienzo 
  declared 
  that 
  without 
  

   coca 
  there 
  could 
  be 
  no 
  Perti. 
  When 
  abused, 
  however, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  coca 
  

   induced 
  pellagralike 
  infections 
  of 
  the 
  mucous 
  membranes. 
  It 
  was 
  

   also 
  blamed 
  for 
  making 
  women 
  barren, 
  and 
  for 
  increasing 
  the 
  in- 
  

   dustrial 
  death 
  rate. 
  In 
  1555-61 
  Viceroy 
  Cafiete 
  attempted 
  to 
  sup- 
  

   press 
  its 
  cultivation 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  association 
  of 
  coca 
  with 
  idolatry, 
  4 
  

   and 
  because 
  the 
  expanding 
  industry 
  was 
  drawing 
  labor 
  away 
  from 
  the 
  

   mines. 
  These 
  legislative 
  efforts 
  soon 
  had 
  to 
  be 
  abandoned, 
  because 
  

   of 
  the 
  economic 
  role 
  played 
  by 
  coca, 
  and 
  Indian 
  resistance 
  to 
  its 
  return 
  

  

  * 
  The 
  herb 
  was 
  frequently 
  used 
  medicinally 
  by 
  Europeans 
  against 
  colds 
  and 
  dental 
  decay; 
  in 
  the 
  Bishopric 
  

   of 
  Quito, 
  however, 
  the 
  association 
  of 
  coca 
  with 
  idolatry 
  led 
  to 
  its 
  proscription. 
  Europeans 
  using 
  it 
  were 
  

   liable 
  to 
  excommunication 
  (Pefia, 
  1698, 
  pp. 
  570-71). 
  

  

  