﻿400 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  again 
  at 
  Corpus 
  Christi, 
  at 
  which 
  times 
  the 
  Indians 
  feasted 
  and 
  drank 
  

   in 
  costume, 
  aad 
  performed 
  various 
  ancient 
  sacrifices 
  (Polo 
  de 
  Onde- 
  

   gardo, 
  1916 
  a, 
  p. 
  19 
  ff.; 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  4:36). 
  

  

  The 
  Christianization 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua: 
  

  

  Extirpation 
  of 
  idolatry. 
  — 
  The 
  failure 
  of 
  the 
  men 
  of 
  the 
  16th 
  century 
  

   to 
  achieve 
  the 
  Christianization 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  may 
  be 
  traced 
  chiefly 
  

   to 
  the 
  sparse 
  and 
  undermanned 
  organization 
  of 
  the 
  Church 
  in 
  Peru, 
  

   to 
  the 
  profane 
  disturbances 
  of 
  the 
  Civil 
  Wars, 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  powers 
  of 
  

   resistance 
  or 
  survival 
  implicit 
  io 
  native 
  Quechua 
  religion. 
  Early 
  in 
  the 
  

   17th 
  century, 
  however, 
  the 
  Church 
  threw 
  its 
  forces 
  into 
  an 
  ambitious, 
  

   systematic, 
  and 
  successful 
  campaign 
  to 
  displace 
  idolatry. 
  By 
  1660, 
  

   more 
  or 
  less, 
  the 
  Catholicization 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  had 
  been 
  achieved. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  one 
  hand, 
  genuine 
  conversions 
  were 
  sought. 
  The 
  priests, 
  

   friars, 
  and 
  missionaries 
  made 
  it 
  their 
  aim 
  to 
  secure 
  the 
  good 
  will 
  of 
  

   the 
  secular 
  leaders 
  of 
  Indian 
  society. 
  An 
  intensive 
  program 
  of 
  

   education 
  was 
  conducted 
  among 
  the 
  children 
  of 
  the 
  various 
  communi- 
  

   ties. 
  The 
  civil 
  and 
  economic 
  status 
  of 
  the 
  Indians 
  was 
  improved 
  by 
  

   teaching 
  them 
  new 
  crafts. 
  Among 
  ordinary 
  Indians, 
  the 
  priests 
  

   attempted 
  a 
  gradual 
  eradication 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  salient 
  vices. 
  Sodomy 
  

   and 
  bestiality, 
  for 
  instance, 
  drew 
  reproof 
  or 
  punishment 
  more 
  imme- 
  

   diately 
  than 
  the 
  simple 
  huaca 
  worship 
  practiced 
  by 
  most 
  Indians. 
  

   Huaca 
  worship, 
  in 
  turn, 
  was 
  treated 
  more 
  severely 
  than 
  drunkenness 
  

   and 
  trial 
  marriage 
  (Pefia, 
  1698, 
  pp. 
  138-43, 
  149-51). 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  very 
  stern 
  repressive 
  measures 
  were 
  taken 
  

   against 
  the 
  professional 
  practitioners 
  of 
  idolatry. 
  The 
  native 
  priests 
  

   and 
  sorcerers 
  were 
  arrested 
  and 
  isolated 
  from 
  their 
  communities. 
  The 
  

   corregidores 
  were 
  entrusted 
  with 
  the 
  task 
  of 
  seeking 
  out 
  the 
  eremitic 
  

   professionals 
  (Anonymous, 
  1923). 
  All 
  cult 
  sites, 
  idols, 
  and 
  instru- 
  

   ments 
  were 
  to 
  be 
  destroyed. 
  The 
  ritual 
  dances 
  and 
  songs 
  were 
  not 
  

   to 
  be 
  performed, 
  and 
  the 
  priests 
  undertook 
  wherever 
  possible 
  to 
  de- 
  

   stroy 
  the 
  drums, 
  feathered 
  garments, 
  animal 
  masks, 
  and 
  panpipes 
  

   associated 
  with 
  these 
  rituals. 
  In 
  the 
  churches 
  continuous 
  predication 
  

   against 
  idolatry 
  was 
  employed, 
  and 
  local 
  informers 
  were 
  encouraged 
  

   with 
  the 
  promise 
  of 
  absolution 
  for 
  their 
  past 
  participation 
  (Pefia, 
  1698, 
  

   pp. 
  246-47). 
  

  

  Thus, 
  under 
  Viceroy 
  Montesclaros 
  (1607-15), 
  600 
  idols 
  from 
  Huaro- 
  

   chiri 
  alone 
  were 
  burned 
  in 
  the 
  public 
  square 
  in 
  Lima, 
  and 
  an 
  Indian 
  

   idolater 
  named 
  Hernando 
  Paucar 
  was 
  publicly 
  flogged 
  in 
  the 
  presence 
  

   of 
  the 
  Viceroy. 
  Thereafter, 
  the 
  campaign 
  to 
  extirpate 
  idolatry 
  

   assumed 
  extravagant 
  proportions. 
  In 
  1617-18, 
  systematic 
  idol-and- 
  

   witch-hunts 
  were 
  conducted. 
  Nearly 
  6,000 
  persons 
  confessed 
  to 
  

   idolatry 
  in 
  the 
  corregimiento 
  of 
  Cbancay 
  alone. 
  In 
  that 
  same 
  district, 
  

   679 
  "sorcerers" 
  were 
  discovered. 
  The 
  priests 
  confiscated 
  603 
  chief 
  

   huacas, 
  3,418 
  conopas, 
  617 
  mummies 
  (mallquis), 
  etc., 
  in 
  some 
  31 
  settle- 
  

   ments 
  in 
  the 
  Archbishopric 
  of 
  Lima 
  alone 
  (Arriaga, 
  1920, 
  pp. 
  13-16). 
  

  

  