﻿Vol.2] 
  CONTEMPORARY 
  QUECHUA 
  — 
  MISHKIN 
  415 
  

  

  little 
  developed; 
  in 
  the 
  high 
  altitudes, 
  herding 
  tends 
  to 
  take 
  first 
  

   place. 
  In 
  the 
  middle 
  altitudes 
  there 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  a 
  more 
  balanced 
  

   integration 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  activities, 
  one 
  complementing 
  the 
  other, 
  even 
  

   though 
  grazing 
  here 
  can 
  be 
  considered 
  to 
  play 
  the 
  subordinate 
  role. 
  

  

  Practically 
  everywhere 
  in 
  the 
  Andes 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  produce 
  a 
  

   surplus 
  for 
  a 
  market 
  and 
  participate 
  to 
  some 
  extent 
  in 
  a 
  money 
  econ- 
  

   omy. 
  The 
  market 
  may 
  be 
  a 
  restricted 
  one, 
  decentralized 
  and 
  con- 
  

   tributing 
  little 
  to 
  what 
  may 
  be 
  called 
  the 
  national 
  economy, 
  yet 
  it 
  

   cannot 
  be 
  sustained 
  that 
  the 
  Quechua 
  produces 
  for 
  his 
  own 
  needs 
  alone. 
  

   Trade, 
  both 
  of 
  produce 
  and 
  handicraft 
  articles, 
  is 
  highly 
  developed, 
  

   and, 
  with 
  the 
  improvement 
  of 
  roads 
  and 
  means 
  of 
  transportation 
  

   during 
  the 
  past 
  few 
  years, 
  agricultural 
  production 
  is 
  becoming 
  ever 
  

   more 
  geared 
  to 
  the 
  requirements 
  and 
  dictates 
  of 
  outside 
  consumption. 
  

  

  Agriculture. 
  — 
  Typical 
  Quechua 
  agriculture 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  

   adherence 
  to 
  a 
  simple 
  traditional 
  technology 
  and 
  to 
  an 
  intricate 
  di- 
  

   vision 
  of 
  labor, 
  quite 
  as 
  much 
  a 
  survival 
  as 
  the 
  technology. 
  Generally, 
  

   draft 
  animals 
  are 
  not 
  used, 
  and 
  the 
  most 
  complicated 
  instrument 
  

   used 
  by 
  the 
  Quechua 
  agriculturist 
  is 
  nothing 
  more 
  than 
  a 
  primitive 
  

   digging 
  stick 
  whose 
  only 
  concession 
  to 
  modernity 
  is 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  it 
  

   possesses 
  an 
  iron 
  blade. 
  Irrigation 
  is 
  known 
  practically 
  everywhere 
  

   among 
  the 
  Indians, 
  though 
  it 
  is 
  practiced 
  in 
  the 
  simplest 
  way 
  possible. 
  

   Occasionally, 
  types 
  of 
  terracing 
  (pi. 
  93, 
  bottom) 
  are 
  used, 
  which, 
  

   however, 
  are 
  not 
  infrequently 
  of 
  ancient 
  construction. 
  

  

  Despite 
  the 
  Indian's 
  great 
  expenditure 
  of 
  effort 
  in 
  attempting 
  to 
  

   cultivate 
  land 
  of 
  uneven 
  fertility, 
  he 
  is 
  able 
  to 
  extract 
  relatively 
  little 
  

   reward 
  for 
  his 
  labor. 
  The 
  land 
  is 
  too 
  often 
  poor 
  and 
  exhausted; 
  the 
  

   Indian's 
  own 
  poverty 
  does 
  not 
  allow 
  him 
  to 
  obtain 
  adequate 
  ferti- 
  

   lizer; 
  an 
  undeveloped 
  technology 
  prohibits 
  intensive 
  cultivation 
  and 
  

   maximum 
  utilization. 
  Most 
  important 
  of 
  all, 
  artificial 
  land 
  scarcity 
  

   has 
  reduced 
  Quechua 
  landholdings 
  to 
  a 
  point 
  at 
  which 
  large 
  numbers 
  

   of 
  Indians 
  own 
  insufficient 
  or 
  no 
  land 
  to 
  meet 
  their 
  own 
  food 
  re- 
  

   quirements. 
  

  

  Hacienda 
  agriculture. 
  — 
  Some 
  reference 
  must 
  be 
  made 
  to 
  Peruvian 
  

   hacienda 
  agriculture, 
  which 
  exists 
  in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  com- 
  

   munity 
  and 
  on 
  which 
  it 
  depends 
  for 
  labor 
  supply. 
  In 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  

   haciendas 
  of 
  the 
  Andes, 
  agricultural 
  methods 
  differ 
  little 
  from 
  those 
  

   found 
  in 
  the 
  Quechua 
  villages. 
  Here, 
  more 
  often 
  than 
  not, 
  the 
  colonos 
  

   and 
  yanaconas 
  are 
  left 
  to 
  their 
  own 
  devices 
  by 
  the 
  hacendado 
  so 
  long 
  

   as 
  they 
  abide 
  by 
  their 
  contracts, 
  give 
  their 
  labor, 
  and 
  deliver 
  to 
  the 
  

   hacendado 
  his 
  proper 
  share 
  of 
  the 
  total 
  produce 
  harvested. 
  Farm 
  

   technology 
  is 
  slightly 
  more 
  advanced, 
  and 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  justifiably 
  

   that 
  cultivation 
  in 
  these 
  haciendas 
  is 
  commonly 
  less 
  efficient 
  than 
  in 
  

   the 
  community 
  farmlands. 
  Absentee 
  landlords, 
  lack 
  of 
  capital, 
  poor 
  

   communications 
  and 
  transportation 
  facilities, 
  and 
  enormous 
  size 
  of 
  

  

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