﻿416 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  holdings 
  contribute 
  to 
  produce 
  as 
  low 
  a 
  yield 
  per 
  hectare 
  in 
  the 
  haci- 
  

   enda 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  community. 
  3 
  

  

  The 
  situation 
  is 
  far 
  different 
  in 
  the 
  great 
  Coastal 
  haciendas 
  and 
  in 
  

   a 
  few 
  model 
  haciendas 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra. 
  Although 
  mechanization 
  of 
  

   agriculture 
  has 
  not 
  proceeded 
  very 
  far, 
  large-scale 
  irrigation 
  together 
  

   with 
  detribalized 
  farm 
  labor 
  has 
  been 
  responsible 
  for 
  a 
  highly 
  success- 
  

   ful 
  plantation 
  agriculture 
  (Bowman, 
  1916). 
  The 
  typical 
  Coastal 
  haci- 
  

   enda 
  is 
  carefully 
  managed 
  in 
  distinction 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra. 
  Private 
  

   capital 
  and 
  government 
  assistance 
  are 
  made 
  available 
  to 
  them. 
  A 
  

   patronizing 
  policy 
  toward 
  farm 
  labor 
  has 
  created 
  an 
  effective, 
  rel- 
  

   atively 
  healthy 
  force 
  of 
  Mestizo 
  and 
  Quechua 
  wage-laborers 
  whose 
  

   standard 
  of 
  living 
  is 
  patently 
  superior 
  to 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  free 
  cultivators 
  

   and 
  sharecroppers 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra. 
  Finally, 
  the 
  Coastal 
  haciendas 
  

   produce 
  crops 
  — 
  cotton, 
  flax, 
  sugarcane 
  — 
  almost 
  exclusively 
  for 
  a 
  

   world 
  market. 
  Prices 
  translated 
  into 
  local 
  terms 
  signify 
  tangible 
  

   profits 
  over 
  the 
  cost 
  of 
  production. 
  

  

  Crops. 
  — 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  sharp 
  division 
  between 
  the 
  crops 
  produced 
  by 
  

   the 
  Indian 
  cultivators 
  and 
  hacienda 
  production. 
  Potatoes, 
  maize, 
  

   barley, 
  ocas 
  (Oxalis 
  tuberosa), 
  broadbeans 
  (Viciafaba), 
  quinoa 
  (Cheno- 
  

   podium 
  quinoa), 
  wheat, 
  ullucos 
  (Ullucus 
  tuberosus) 
  , 
  mashuas 
  (Tropae- 
  

   olum 
  tuberosum) 
  , 
  canahua 
  (Chenopodium 
  pallidicaule) 
  , 
  and 
  others 
  are 
  

   grown 
  by 
  the 
  Quechua 
  and 
  haciendas 
  both, 
  depending 
  on 
  the 
  altitude, 
  

   climate, 
  and 
  the 
  quality 
  of 
  the 
  land. 
  Moreover, 
  Quechua 
  communi- 
  

   ties 
  — 
  Carabaya, 
  Abancay, 
  Lucanas, 
  Tayacaja, 
  Tarma, 
  Pachitea, 
  

   Santa, 
  and 
  Piura 
  — 
  have 
  long 
  cultivated 
  crops 
  associated 
  usually 
  with 
  

   hacienda 
  production 
  such 
  as 
  sugarcane, 
  cotton, 
  and 
  fruit 
  (Castro 
  

   Pozo, 
  1924, 
  p. 
  433) 
  . 
  Three 
  most 
  important 
  food 
  crops 
  for 
  the 
  Quechua 
  

   in 
  Puno, 
  Cuzco, 
  Arequipa, 
  Huancavelica, 
  Ayacucho, 
  Junfn, 
  Lima, 
  

   Ancash, 
  and 
  Cajamarca 
  are 
  maize, 
  potatoes, 
  and 
  barley. 
  Cultivation 
  

   of 
  maize 
  is, 
  of 
  course, 
  restricted 
  to 
  the 
  lower 
  altitudes 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  

   sheltered 
  valleys. 
  Quinoa 
  is 
  grown 
  especially 
  in 
  the 
  south, 
  but 
  usually 
  

   in 
  small 
  quantities. 
  Ocas 
  and 
  lisas 
  are 
  cultivated 
  in 
  sizeable 
  quanti- 
  

   ties 
  and, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  potatoes, 
  barley 
  and 
  maize 
  enter 
  the 
  market 
  

   to 
  play 
  an 
  important 
  role 
  in 
  the 
  local 
  economy. 
  

  

  Farming 
  methods. 
  — 
  There 
  are 
  two 
  main 
  seasons 
  for 
  the 
  agriculturist 
  

   outside 
  the 
  Coastal 
  desert. 
  The 
  dry 
  season 
  runs 
  from 
  May 
  to 
  Octo- 
  

   ber; 
  the 
  rainy 
  season 
  from 
  October 
  or 
  November 
  to 
  May. 
  Planting 
  

   and 
  harvesting 
  seasons 
  vary 
  considerably 
  in 
  different 
  parts 
  of 
  Quechua 
  

   territory. 
  In 
  southern 
  Perti, 
  however, 
  an 
  early 
  and 
  late 
  planting 
  is 
  

   commonly 
  practiced. 
  Early 
  planting 
  (misca) 
  is 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  where 
  

   some 
  irrigation 
  is 
  used 
  and 
  begins 
  about 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  August. 
  Late 
  

   planting 
  (jatun 
  tarpuy), 
  where 
  the 
  water 
  supply 
  is 
  deficient, 
  starts 
  

   during 
  the 
  first 
  week 
  of 
  October. 
  The 
  haciendas, 
  which 
  nearly 
  

  

  s 
  This 
  statement 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  observation. 
  Adequate 
  statistics 
  are 
  not 
  available 
  since 
  the 
  Quechua 
  is 
  

   averse 
  to 
  submitting 
  accurate 
  data 
  concerning 
  agricultural 
  production. 
  

  

  